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NYCC Microbiology > 7 Emerging & Re-Emerging Diseases > Flashcards

7 Emerging & Re-Emerging Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what are emerging infectious diseases?

A

infections that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing or threatens to increase in the near future

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2
Q

what can cause emerging infectious diseases?

A
  • previously undetected/unknown infectious agents
  • known agents that have spread to new geographic locations or new populations
  • previously known agents whose role in specific diseases has previously gone unrecognized
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3
Q

between 1940-2004, there were ____ emerging infectious disease (EID) origins reported globally

A

335
(mostly viral)

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4
Q

what are re-emerging infectious diseases?

A

diseases that were once thought of as being under control primarily due to the use of antibiotics, vaccinations, and insect control

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5
Q

name 8 examples of re-emerging infectious diseases

A
  • tuberculosis
  • cholera
  • malaria
  • whooping cough
  • diphtheria
  • measles
  • mumps
  • polio
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6
Q

name 4 examples of emergent diseases which appear when humans encroach upon new land, increasing contact with new pathogens

A
  • lyme disease
  • hanta virus (sin nombre)
  • dengue fever
  • nipah virus
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7
Q

what does nipah virus cause?

A

encephalitis or respiratory illness

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8
Q

how is nipah virus transmitted?

A

animal to human or human to human

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9
Q

treatment of nipah virus

A

no treatment or vaccine available for people or animals

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10
Q

what is the natural host of nipah virus?

A

fruit bats

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11
Q

name 3 examples of foodborne infectious diseases

A
  • E. coli O157:H7
  • “mad cow” disease
  • Salmonella
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12
Q

in september 2016, 8 multistate outbreaks of human salmonella infections were linked to…

A

live poultry in backyard flocks
(total: 895)

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13
Q

what factors impact the globalization of disease?

A

modern air travel
global trade

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14
Q

name 4 examples of globalized diseases

A
  • avian influenza
  • tuberculosis
  • cholera
  • bubonic plague
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15
Q

what disease mutates rapidly and is more deadly than any other form of influenza, specifically 10x more deadly than the Spanish flu?

A

Avian influenza

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16
Q

mortality rate of avian influenza

A
  • could be as high as 50%
  • expected 0.1-2.5%
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17
Q

Zika virus

A
  • outbreaks after Brazil olympics
  • seen in states with ^college athletics -> ^travel
  • conjunctivitis, fever, joint pain, rash
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18
Q

Dengue Hemorrhagic fever is also known as ____

A

breakbone fever

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19
Q

globalization of Dengue hemorrhagic fever is comparable to that of ____

A

Malaria

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20
Q

what is the case-fatality rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever? what population are fatal cases most common?

A

5%
mostly children

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21
Q

manifestation of Chikungunya virus

A
  • symptoms begin 3-7 days after infectious mosquito bite
  • fever, joint pain, headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, rash
  • can be severe & disabling
  • joint pain may persist for months
22
Q

what is the etiologic agent of middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS)?

A

coronavirus

23
Q

manifestation of MERS

A
  • severe respiratory illness with symptoms of fever, cough, shortness of breath
  • mortality rate: 30-40%
24
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS):
source
year
transmission
mortality rate

A
  • China
  • 1990
  • droplet aerosol & fomites
  • 10%
25
Q

where is high viral load of SARS found in the body?

A

lower respiratory tract

26
Q

West Nile Virus:
source
year
transmission
host
mortality rate

A
  • Africa
  • 1999
  • mosquito
  • birds
  • 15%
27
Q

West nile virus causes ____

A

encephalitis

28
Q

name 4 examples of viral hemorrhagic fevers

A

ebola
marburg
lassa
yellow fevers

29
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fevers:
source
transmission
mortality rates

A
  • tropics
  • arboviruses (insects) & unknown
  • strain-specific: 5-90%
30
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fevers can cause ____

A

circulatory shock

31
Q

tuberculosis, influenza, and prion diseases are examples of ____

A

re-emerging diseases

32
Q

epidemiology of tuberculosis

A
  • ~2 billion people infected worldwide
  • 8 million new infections per year
  • 2 million deaths per year
  • most cases from 1993-2009 in Mexico
33
Q

what are the possible causes for 1increases in tuberculosis?

A
  • HIV/AIDS epidemic (Africa)
  • ^poverty, IV drug use, homelessness (US)
  • ^immigration of infected individuals (US)
  • ^elderly population (US)
  • failure of patients to complete antibiotic therapy (globally)
34
Q

influenza has a stable reservoir in ____

A

aquatic birds

35
Q

name 4 examples of influenza pandemics

A
  • 1918 Spanish flu
  • 1957 Asian flu
  • 1968 Hong Kong flu
  • 2009 Swine flu
36
Q

what influenza pandemic was the most significant?

A

1918 Spanish flu: 50,000,000 deaths worldwide

37
Q

when are people with influenza most contagious?

A
  • first 3-4 days
  • adults may be infectious 1 day before symptoms develop, up to 5-7 days after
  • young children & immunocompromised may be infectious for longer
38
Q

what is the time from when a person is exposed and infected with influenza to when symptoms begin?

A

~2 days, or 1-4 days

39
Q

when do flu antiviral drugs work best?

A
  • when started within 2 days of getting sick
  • starting later can be beneficial, especially if at risk of serious flu complications or in hospital with more severe illness
40
Q

what are prions?

A

infectious protein particles

41
Q

what do prions cause?

A

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)

42
Q

history of TSE

A
  • first seen in united kingdom, 1762: scrapie in sheep
  • 1984: mad cow in cattle
  • 2000: creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans
43
Q

describe how normal prions become abnormal

A

abnormally folded PrPsc
- aggregate into fibrous structures in the brain referred to as plaque
- disrupt the cell membrane causing cell death
- convert normal prions into abnormal prions

44
Q

what is the prion hypothesis?

A

resistant to:
- cooking
- autoclaving
- strong alkali treatment
- disinfectants

survive in soil for years

45
Q

what is TSE?

A
  • neurodegenerative disease
  • affects sheep, cattle, humans
  • no test for it in living organisms
  • no treatment or cure
46
Q

pathogenesis of TSE

A
  • long incubation time
  • plaque deposits in brain
  • no Ab response
  • no inflammation
47
Q

symptoms of TSE

A
  • lack of coordination
  • staggering
  • slurred speech
  • dramatic mood swings
  • paralysis
  • death within 1 yr of symptom onset
48
Q

TSE presents in humans as ____ and ____

A

kuru
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

49
Q

how is kuru spread?

A

cannibalism

50
Q

how is the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease spread?

A

food web
(possible epidemic)

NYCC Microbiology (17 decks)

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