10 Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems Flashcards
Diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems are characterized by ____
Microbial type
Sepsis is the presence of ____ or ____
Microbes
Toxins
What is septic shock?
Life-threatening hypotensive event caused by endotoxins (disseminated intravascular clotting) or exotoxins in which blood vessels collapse
What is septicaemia?
Infection caused by rapid multiplication of pathogens
What is endocarditis?
Infection of the heart
What is thrombophlebitis?
Infection of the veins
What is endoarteritis?
Infection of the arteries
What is the most virulent bacterial infection ever known?
Plague
How does plague spread?
Lymph nodes -> blood -> lungs
Transmission of bubonic plague
Bite of rat flea: Xenopsylla cheopis
Reservoir of bubonic plague
Rats, prairie dogs
Etiologic agent of bubonic plague
Yersinia pestis
Pathogenesis of bubonic plague
- incubation period: 2-7 days
- fever & buboes (swollen lymph nodes)
- septic shock: death in one week
Septicemic plague occurs when…
Bacteria overwhelm lymph nodes and enter systemic circulation
Signs & symptoms of septicemic plague
- hypotension
- fever
- hepatomegaly
- delirium
- seizures
- may die without manifestation of symptoms
What is the most deadly form of plague? When does death occur?
Pneumonic plague
Within 24-48 hrs
Transmission of pneumonic plague
Inhalation of respiratory droplets
What is the scientific name of “rabbit fever?”
Tularemia
Etiologic agent of tularemia
Francisella tularensis
Etiologic agent of tularemia
Francisella tularensis
Transmission of tularemia
Infection of wild animals transmissible to humans
- tick bite
- ingestion of contaminated meat or water
- direct contact (abrasion or cut)
- inhalation
Transmission of tularemia
Infection of wild animals transmissible to humans
- tick bite
- ingestion of contaminated meat or water
- direct contact (abrasion or cut)
- inhalation
Pathogenesis of tularemia
- incubation: 2-5 days
- ulcerated lesion forms at infection site
- deeper within tissue granulomas form
Name 3 types of tularemia
- ulcerogoandular
- oculogoandular
- typhoidal
Name 3 types of tularemia
- ulcerogoandular
- oculogoandular
- typhoidal
What is brucellosis?
Infection of reproductive tract of cows
What is brucellosis?
Infection of reproductive tract of cows
Etiologic agent of brucellosis
Brucella species
Transmission of brucellosis to humans
- occupational contact
- ingestion of contaminated animal products (dairy, meat)
- cuts in skin
- contact with mucus membrane
- inhalation
Pathogenesis of brucellosis
- 1-3 weeks post-incubation: drenching night sweats & fever (up to. 40°/104°)
- headaches
- body aches
- weight loss
- splenomegaly
- hepatomegaly
- lymohadenopathy
Vector of Lyme disease
Deer tick (lxodes dammini)
Etiologic agent of Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Reservoir of Lyme disease
Mice
Disease cycle of Lyme disease involves…
Ticks, mice, deer
Humans are incidental hosts
Signs & symptoms of acute Lyme disease
Fever
Migratory bull’s eye rash (erythema migrans)
Muscle aches
Joint pain
Meningeal irritation
Pathogenesis of acute Lyme disease
- primary lesions appear in 1st month
- if untreated, lesions disappear but other symptoms may persist for months
Pathogenesis of chronic Lyme disease
- secondary infective stage may begin days, weeks, or months later
- meningitis
- facial n palsy
- peripheral n destruction
- myocarditis
- cardiomegaly
Pathogenesis of later stage Lyme disease
- neurologic & cardiovascular symptoms resolve spontaneously within weeks
- may see CNS involvement: memory, mood, sleep disorders
- disabling arthritis can begin weeks to years after infection (predominantly knee; erosion of bone)
What disease is known as “the great imitator” and is rarely fatal but if untreated can be a source of chronic ill death?
Lyme disease
Etiologic agent of relapsing fever
Borrelia species
Vectors of relapsing fever
Ticks or body lice
Primary symptoms of relapsing fever
Fever
Muscle pain
Weakness
What is found during periods of relapse and remission of relapsing fever?
Relapse: spirochetes in blood
Remission: spirochetes sequester in organs
Compare the vectors of relapsing fever
Tick: 2-3 relapses, fatalities rare
Louse: 10+ relapses, 40% mortality if untreated, death due to myocarditis, cerebral hemorrhage, or liver failure
Rickettsial infections are characterized by…
Fever
Rash
Muscle aches
Etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia rickettsia
Vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Ticks
What is the most characteristic feature of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Rash:
- appears on soles, palms, wrists, ankles
- moves TOWARDS torso
- develops of 3rd day
- often mistaken for measles in children
Etiologic agent of endemic typhus
Rickettsia typhi
Vector of endemic typhus
Rat flea: xenopsylla cheopis
Reservoir of endemic typhus
Rats
What is the most characteristic feature of endemic and epidemic typhus?
rash forms on torso and moves to extremities
the presence of viruses in the blood is called ____
viremia
epstein-barr virus is also known as ____, and has an affinity for ____
human herpes virus 4 (HHV4)
B lymphocytes
etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt’s lymphoma
EBV (HHV4)
most common vector of arboviruses
mosquito
target organ of yellow fever
liver
chief symptom of yellow fever
jaundice (ichteric)
(causes necrosis of hepatocytes)
major complication of yellow fever
hemorrhage
Breakbone fever is known as ____
dengue fever
vector or dengue fever
aedes aegypti mosquito
symptoms of dengue fever
- fever
- rash
- severe pain in back, head, muscles, joints
severe: shock, pleural effusion, hemorrhage, death
what are the only 2 filoviruses that infect humans? which is more deadly?
ebola > marburg
transmission, vector, and reservoir of ebola
- person to person
- unknown vector & reservoir
where does ebola cause rapid hemorrhaging?
- skin
- mucus membranes
- liver
- lymphoid tissue
- kidneys
- gonads
what is the south american form of trypanosomiasis?
Chagas’ Disease
etiologic agent of chagas’ disease
trypanosoma cruzi
vector of chagas’ disease
feces of reduvid (kissing bug)
what cells are most susceptible to chagas’ disease?
cardiomyocytes
skeletal m cells
glial n cells
most chagas’ disease infections are in what population?
children
etiologic agent of chronic african sleeping sickness
trypanosoma brucei gambiense
vector of african sleeping sickness (acute & chronic)
tsetse fly
clinical manifestation & target of chronic african sleeping sickness?
Manifests as narcolepsy
Target: CSF & meninges
etiologic agent of acute african sleeping sickness
trypanosoma brucei rhodiense
clinical manifestation of acute african sleeping sickness
- coma
- convulsions
- death within 4 mo of infection
(targets brain)
what are the 2 parasites of filariasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
filariasis inhabits the ____
lymphatic systems
(eggs grow and cause blockages)
pathogenesis of filariasis is caused by…
molting and dying worms which stimulate dilation of lymphatics, hyperplastic changes to vessel endothelium, infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils
