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NYCC Microbiology > 6B Principles of Transmission > Flashcards

6B Principles of Transmission Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are 3 principles of transmission?

A
  • where are pathogens found
  • what are the mechanisms of transmission
  • how can the chain of transmission be broken
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2
Q

what are reservoirs of infection?

A

places where pathogens grow and accumulate

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3
Q

what are mechanisms of transmission?

A

various ways pathogens move from place to place

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4
Q

name 3 potential reservoirs of pathogens

A
  • human
  • animals
  • non-living
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5
Q

human reservoirs

A
  • sick people: easy to identify
  • carriers: those who are infectious but never show signs or symptoms
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6
Q

what are zoonotic diseases?

A

those infections that may be transmitted from animals to humans

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7
Q

name 8 examples of zoonotic diseases

A
  • anthrax
  • brucellosis
  • cat scratch fever
  • lyme
  • plague
  • TB
  • ringworm
  • rocky mountain spotted fever
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8
Q

non-living reservoirs

A
  • include water, food, soil
  • fecal-oral transmission
  • food spoilage
  • soil dwelling bacteria may be transmitted through human activity or animal husbandry
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9
Q

name 3 mechanisms of transmission

A
  • contact
  • vehicle
  • vector
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10
Q

when does contact transmission occur?

A

when an uninfected person is exposed to a pathogen via touching or proximity with an infected individual, animal or object

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11
Q

name 3 types of contact transmission

A
  • direct
  • indirect
  • droplet
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12
Q

direct contact transmission

A

there is no intermediary between the infected person/animal and uninfected person

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13
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

occurs through intermediates that are non alive such as tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, bedding, contaminated needles

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14
Q

intermediates that are not alive are called ____

A

fomites

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15
Q

droplet transmission

A

spread through aerosolized saliva, mucous, sputum
(i.e. talking, laughing, sneezing)

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16
Q

vehicle transmission

A

pathogens “ride” via water, food, air

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17
Q

vector transmission

A

pathogens are transmitted to a healthy person by a carrier known to be associated with a certain disease

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18
Q

what is the most common vector transmitter? name examples.

A

arthropods
- fleas
- ticks
- body lice
- mosquitoes
- flies

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19
Q

name 2 methods of vector transmission

A
  • biological (eg. insect bite)
  • mechanical (eg. insects depositing on food)
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20
Q

name 6 factors affecting disease transmission

A
  • age
  • gender
  • lifestyle
  • occupation
  • geography
  • general health
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21
Q

the host’s ability to mount a defense is called ____

A

immunocompetence

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22
Q

damaged host defenses result in…

A

disease potential

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23
Q

name 7 examples of people considered vulnerable or immunocompromised

A
  • HIV-AIDS
  • genetic immunodeficiency diseases
  • chemotherapy
  • broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • premature and neonates
  • health care workers
  • elderly
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24
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

conditions in order to “communicate” disease:
- same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
- pathogen must be isolated from sick host and purified
- pure pathogen must cause the same disease when given to infect hosts
- pathogen must be re-isolated from newly infected hosts

25
Q

name the 5 periods of disease development

A
  • incubation period
  • prodromal period
  • period of illness
  • period of decline
  • period of convalescence
26
Q

incubation period

A

no signs or symptoms

27
Q

prodromal period

A

mild symptoms

28
Q

period of illness

A

major signs & symptoms

29
Q

at what period of disease development is the immune response the strongest?

A

period of illness

30
Q

period of decline

A

signs & symptoms wane but highest chance of secondary infection

31
Q

period of convalescence

A

recovery

32
Q

what is epidemiology?

A
  • study of factors and mechanisms involved in frequency and spread of diseases or other health-related problems
  • used to study disease and also to design methods for control and prevention
33
Q

what is prevalence and what is it used for?

A
  • total # of people infected within a population at any given time
  • used to measure strength and length of a particular disease
    “streaming video”
34
Q

what is incidence and what is it used for?

A
  • number of new cases contracted within a set population in a specific period
  • provides a reliable indication of the spread of a disease
    “snapshot”
35
Q

what is morbidity?

A

number of people affected by disease during a set period divided by total population

36
Q

what is mortality?

A

number of deaths due to a specific disease during a specific period divided by total population

37
Q

name 3 levels of disease occurrence

A

endemic
epidemic
pandemic

38
Q

endemic disease

A

diseases found constantly within a population

39
Q

epidemic disease

A

incidence of disease suddenly higher than expected in a specific region

40
Q

name 2 types of epidemic disease

A

common-source
propagated

41
Q

common source epidemic

A
  • arises from contact with contaminated substances (fecal contamination of water; improperly prepared/stored food)
  • affect large numbers of people but once source is identified quickly subside
42
Q

propagated epidemic

A
  • amplification of number of infected individuals as person-to-person contact occurs
  • stay in population for long periods
  • more difficult to control until patient zero found
43
Q

pandemic

A

diseases that occur in epidemic proportions

44
Q

name 2 types of epidemiological studies

A

descriptive
analytical

45
Q

what are descriptive epidemiological studies concerned with?

A
  • physical aspects of patients and spread of disease
  • traces outbreak and identifies first case
46
Q

what are analytical epidemiological studies concerned with?

A
  • correlation: cause and effect hypothesis
  • always uses a control group
47
Q

what is often the most practical and feasible study to conduct?

A

observational

48
Q

observational/descriptive studies

A
  • investigator observes occurrence of condition/disease in population groups that have assigned themselves to a certain exposure
  • more natural settings, representative of target pop
  • little control, susceptible to distorting influences
49
Q

cohort study

A

type of medical research used to investigate the causes of disease, establishing links between risk factors and health outcomes

50
Q

prospective cohort study

A
  • hypothesis formed about potential cause of disease
  • observe a cohort of ppl over time & collect relevant data
  • detect changes in health in relation to potential risk factors
51
Q

disease reporting

A

health departments of local and state gov’t require reports of certain diseases

52
Q

what are nationally notifiable diseases?

A

diseases that must be reported to the CDC

53
Q

disease reporting pathway

A

healthcare providers, institutions, labs, others -> county/local -> state health departments -> CDC

54
Q

what are nosocomial infections and who do they commonly affect?

A
  • acquired in a hospital or medical facility within 48hrs of visit
  • patients & healthcare workers
55
Q

what area of the body is most commonly affected by nosocomial infections?

A

urinary tract

56
Q

what is the most common nosocomial infection?

A

staphylococcus aureus (followed by E. coli)

57
Q

nosocomial infections involve the propagation of ____

A

antibiotic-resistance organisms

58
Q

prognosis of nosocomial infections

A

very poor

59
Q

name 6 examples of nosocomial infections

A
  • clostridium difficile (c. diff)
  • neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • carbapenum-resistant enterobacteraciae (CRE)
  • vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
  • vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)
  • multi-drug resistant TB (MDRTB/XDRTB)

NYCC Microbiology (17 decks)

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