9 Diseases of the Respiratory System Flashcards
name 3 features of innate defenses of the respiratory system
- mucociliary escalator (traps debris & moves out)
- alveolar macrophages (dust cells) most important
- mm of chest wall & diaphragm (coughing & clearing)
name 4 examples of bacterial infections of the respiratory system
- otitis media
- pharyngitis (strep throat)
- scarlet fever
- diphtheria
otitis media can be ____ or ____
viral or bacterial
when is otitis media most common?
between ages 3mo to 3yrs
name 3 etiologic agents of otitis media
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- staphylococcus aureus
- haemophilus influenzae
otitis media may be spread locally, resulting in…
- acute petrositis (infection of temporal bone)
- labrynthitis
intracranial spread of otitis media may cause…
- meningitis (most common)
- brain abscess
- subdural empyema
- epidural abscess
- lateral sinus thrombosis
- otitic hydrocephalus
symptoms of mastoiditis
- abscess forms in the bone, skin covering can become swollen, red, tender
- fever
- pain around & within ear (persistent & throbbing)
- creamy, profuse discharge from ear
- hearing loss can become progressively worse
signs & symptoms of sinusitis
- pain & tenderness
- congestion & obstruction of nose
- reduced ability to smell (hyposmia)
- bad breath (halitosis)
- productive cough (especially at night)
- swelling over affected sinus
what causes sinusitis?
usually a bacterial super-infection after sinus drainage has been compromised
pharyngitis is classically known as the infection ____
strep throat
etiologic agent of pharygitis
streptococcus pyogenes
signs & symptoms of pharyngitis
- can cause abscesses on tonsils
- can cause complications of scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome, rheumatic fever
scarlet fever is caused by…
group A streptococci: streptococcus pyogenes
in what population is scarlet fever commonly seen?
children under 18yrs
pathogenesis of scarlet fever
- symptoms begin w/ rash: tiny bumps on chest & abdomen, more red in armpits & groin, lasts 2-5 days
- very sore throat w/ white or yellow papules
- fever of 38.3*C (100.9 F)
- lymphadenopathy
- headache, body aches, nausea
- tongue coated w/ bacteria
etiologic agent of diphtheria
corynebacterium diphtheraie
diphtheria is a more localized type of the infection ____
severe pharyngitis
diphtheria may be accompanied by…
pseudomembrane in throat composed of fibrin, leukocytes, cell debris, dead bacteria
how is diphtheria transmitted?
- droplet aerosol
- direct contact w/ colonized skin
- fomites
diphtheria produces the toxin ____
myocarditis (targets the heart)
diphtheria may involve…
- multiple organ systems
- skin
describe diphtheria of the skin
simple pustules to non-healing ulcerations
name 2 examples of viral infections of the upper respiratory system
- rhinovirus (common head cold)
- parainfluenza (types 1 & 3)
describe the serotypes of rhinovirus
- several hundred exist, <50% have been characterized
- 50% are picoronaviruses (smallest & simplest)
- single-stranded RNA
- major cause of mild upper respiratory tract infections
describe the pathogenesis of rhinoviruses
- infection seen throughout the year (epidemic in spring & early fall)
- incubation period: 2-3 days
- acute symptoms: 3-7 days
- mild infection w/ little damage to body
how many types of parainfluenza virus (HPIV) exist, and which are the most important?
- 4 types
- types 1 & 3
parainfluenza viruses belong to what group?
paramyxovirus group
- single stranded RNA virus
- contains hemagluttinin & neuraminidase
parainfluenza virus is a serious problem in what population?
infants & small children
compare parainfluenza vs influenza
- parainfluenza virus replicates in cytoplasm; influenza replicates in nucleus
- parainfluenza virus is more stable than influenza (very little mutation, little antigenic shift, no antigenic drift)
pathogenesis of parainfluenza infection of upper respiratory tract
- fever
- runny nose (rhinorrhea)
- cough
- sore throat
- sneezing
- wheezing
- ear pain
- decreased appetite
pathogenesis of parainfluenza infection of lower respiratory tract
- croup (infection of larynx, trachea, bronchi)
- bronchitis
- bronchiolitis
- pneumonia
HPIV1 is also known as ____
sendai virus
compare the effects of HPIV1 and HPIV3
HPIV1:
- major cause of croup in infants & young children
- causes severe pharyngitis & tracheobronchitis
HPIV3:
- major cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants & young children
- causes bronchitis & pneumonia in children <1yr
compare HPIV1 & 3 in terms of when they occur
HPIV1: outbreaks usually in fall
HPIV3:
- 50% of all children exposed within 1st yr of life
- infections occur throughout the year
name 8 examples of bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract
- bacterial pneumonia
- mycoplasmal pneumonia
- TB
- pertussis
- inhalation anthrax
- legionnaire’s disease
- Q fever
- psittacosis
bacterial pneumonia may be caused by…
a variety of organisms
(one of most serious infections)
name 5 high risk groups for community acquired pneumonia
- elderly
- children <2yrs
- african-americans
- native americans
- alaska natives
signs & symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia
- fever >39*C (102.2 F)
- chest pain
- purulent sputum
what is the etiologic agent of pneumococcal pneumonia?
streptococcus pneumoniae
what is the etiologic agent of mycoplasmal pneumonia?
mycoplasma pneumoniae
describe the etiology of mycoplasmal pneumonia
- mild form of pneumonia
- accounts for 10% of all pneumonias
- “walking pneumonia”
- most common between 5-15yrs
- found in temporal climates
pathogenesis of mycoplasmal pneumonia
- incubation period: 2-15 days
- insidious onset: fever, headache, malaise
- infection affects trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
- may extend to alveoli
- organisms shed in upper respiratory secretions: 2-8 days before symptoms; 14wks post-infection
signs & symptoms of mycoplasmal pneumonia
- mild tracheobronchitis
- sore throat
- otitis media
- persistent, nagging, unproductive cough
describe the etiology of pulmonary tuberculosis
- ~2 billion people infected globally
- HIV/AIDS has significant impact
- poverty & poor living conditons
- drug resistance due to non-compliance
signs & symptoms of tuberculosis
initial symptoms similar to other respiratory tract infections EXCEPT:
- fever (38*C; 100.4 F)
- fatigue
- weight loss
- chest pain
- shortness of breath
- hacking cough
- hemoptysis (coughing blood)
describe the current trends of tuberculosis
- 1/4 of world population carries
- 50,000,000 people are infected w/ multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains of TB
- 80% of US cases are foreign-born
- TB is a re-emerging disease
etiologic agent of tuberculosis
myobacterium tuberculosis
how is myobacterium tuberculosis stained?
acid-fast+ bacillus/weakly gram+ bacillus
pathogenesis of primary TB
- occurs when host encounters pathogen for first time
- organisms move to alveoli
- cell-mediated immune response begins
- if primary lesion not contained -> tubercles/granulomas
