Intro to Micro

Question 1

microbiology

Answer 1

study of biological organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

Question 2

bacteriology

Answer 2

study of single cell organisms

Question 3

what is the kingdom studied in bacteriology?

Answer 3

kingdom monera

Question 4

name the 4 basic bacterial shapes

Answer 4

coccus
bacilli
spiral
spirochete

Question 5

mycology

Answer 5

study of simple plants known as fungi and yeast

Question 6

what is the kingdom studied in mycology?

Answer 6

kingdom fungi

Question 7

name the 2 fungal shapes

Answer 7

yeast
mold

Question 8

virology

Answer 8

study of viruses and prions

Question 9

name the 4 viral shapes

Answer 9

helical
polyhedral
spherical
complex

Question 10

parasitology

Answer 10

study of simple and complex animals

Question 11

what are the 2 kingdoms within parasitology?

Answer 11

• kingdom protista: protozoa
• kingdom animalia: helminths (worms)

Question 12

what are the 2 phylum of helminths?

Answer 12

• nemahelminthes (round)
• platyhelminthes (flat)

Question 13

trichomonas (vaginalis) and giardia are examples of ____

Answer 13

protozoa

Question 14

tapeworms and roundworms are examples of ____

Answer 14

helminths

Question 15

normal flora (microbiome)

Answer 15

any microbe that lives within or on the human body without causing harm to the host

Question 16

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 16

any potentially infectious microbe considered as host’s normal flora that may cause disease if host’s resistance is low, or innate defenses have been breached

Question 17

pathogen

Answer 17

any microbe that causes an infection or illness

Question 18

pathogenesis

Answer 18

sequence of steps required resulting in manifestation of disease

Question 19

epidemiology

Answer 19

study of factors determining frequency and distribution of disease

Question 20

name the 5 requirements of infection

Answer 20

• entry
• establishment
• defeat host defenses
• damage the host
• transmission to new host
  (repeat)

Question 21

name 5 transmission mechanisms

Answer 21

• air
• food/water
• insect vectors
• person to person contact
• geographic distribution

Question 22

name 5 propagation of epidemic disease factors

Answer 22

• poor socioeconomic conditions
• ignorance of how infections occur
• poor hygiene
• natural disasters
• war & relocation of refugees

Question 23

virulence

Answer 23

potential of a pathogen to cause disease

Question 24

virulence factors allow a pathogen to…

Answer 24

• persist in the host
• cause disease
• escape or defeat host defenses

Question 25

what are the 2 types of host defenses?

Answer 25

• innate immune response
• adaptive immune response

Question 26

innate immune response

Answer 26

• first line of defense
• non-specific
• cellular & chemical factors

Question 27

adaptive immune response

Answer 27

• lethal response
• specific response
• memory

Question 28

what is the easiest type of infection to treat?

Answer 28

bacterial

Question 29

prevention of bacterial infections

Answer 29

antiseptics and disinfectants

Question 30

treatment of bacterial infections

Answer 30

antibiotics

Question 31

why are fungal infections more difficult to treat?

Answer 31

fungi share common cell structures with human cells (ie. have a nucleus)

Question 32

treatment of fungal infections

Answer 32

antimycotics (antibiotics specific to fungi)

Question 33

treatment of viral infections

Answer 33

no treatment:
- virus must be destroyed before entering cell; or
- host cell must be killed prior to releasing replicated viruses

Question 34

treatment for protozoa

Answer 34

can cause severe human illness as protozoa are simple animals and thus share many cellular components

Question 35

treatment for helminths

Answer 35

can cause severe human illness as helminths are more complex animals and thus share many cellular components

Question 36

what is the best treatment of infectious disease?

Answer 36

prevention: public health & immunization

Question 37

name 5 public health measures

Answer 37

• disinfection of water supplies
• monitoring of food supplies
• proper hygiene & sanitation
• proper waste removal & treatment
• insect & pest control

Question 38

benefits of microbes

Answer 38

• recycle vital elements in soil
• convert environmental elements into usable form
• return CO2 to atmosphere
• recycle waste water
• decontaminate toxic spills
• production of chemicals, hormones, enzymes
• food production