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Microbiology and Hematology > Microbiology: Viruses > Flashcards

Microbiology: Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What virus causes smallpox?

A

Variola virus

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2
Q

How was smallpox transmitted

A

Transmitted via respiratory route but movement through the circulatory system leads to infection of the skin (lesions)

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3
Q

What was the first disease to which immunity was artificially induced?

A

smallpox

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4
Q

What was the first disease to be eradicated it from the human population?

A

Smallpox

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5
Q

There are only two lab sites that are able to maintain the smallpox virus. What countries?

A
  • Russia

- USA

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6
Q

What virus was recently thought to become a biological weapon?

A

smallpox

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7
Q

What are the side effects for the smallpox vaccine?

A

Caused several fatal heart attacks

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8
Q

What virus causes the chickenpox?

A

Varicella

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9
Q

What virus causes shingles?

A

Herpes-zoster

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10
Q

What is chickenpox?

A

Relatively mild childhood disease

Low mortality rate

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11
Q

What happens once someone recovers from chickenpox?

A

They have immunity to it

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12
Q

When is chickenpox more serious?

A

If contracted as an adult or during pregnancy

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13
Q

What happens if a pregnant person a gets chickenpox?

A

Could cause serious fetal damage

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14
Q

How does somebody get chickenpox?

A

Results from initial infection with herpes virus varicella- zoster

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15
Q

How does the chickenpox virus enter the body?

A

Enters the body via respiratory system

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16
Q

Where does the chickenpox virus spread to?

A

Skin cells after about two weeks

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17
Q

If you have chickenpox, your skin will be vesicular for how long?

A

3-4 days

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18
Q

What happens to skin vesicles after 3 to 4 days?

A

They filled with pus, rupture, and form a scab before healing

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19
Q

Where can lesions from the chickenpox virus be found?

A
  • face
  • throat
  • lower back
  • chest
  • shoulders
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20
Q

What are all herpesviruses capable of?

A

Remaining latent within the body

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21
Q

How does somebody get shingles?

A

Following a primary infection of the chickenpox virus that enters the peripheral nervous system and moves to the dorsal root ganglion near the spine where it persists as viral DNA

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22
Q

Why is there no immune response to shingles?

A

Circulating antibodies cannot penetrate into the nerve cell and no viral antigens are expressed on the cell surface

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23
Q

How is the shingles virus reactivated?

A

Due to stress or lowered immune system

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24
Q

When the shingles virus is reactivated where does it move?

A

Moves along peripheral nerves to cutaneous sensory nerves of the skin

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25
Q

What kind of vaccine is available for shingles?

A

Live attenuated vaccine

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26
Q

When was the shingles vaccine first available?

A

1995

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27
Q

What does the shingles vaccine provide?

A

Long-term protection against chickenpox and shingles

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28
Q

What viruses cause the common cold?

A

50% rhinoviruses

15-20% coronaviruses

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29
Q

Why do older people tend to get fewer colds?

A

We tend to accumulate immunities against cold viruses during our lifetime

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30
Q

How many identified agents are there for colds?

A

More than 200

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31
Q

What are the symptoms for a cold?

A
  • sneezing
  • nasal secretions
  • congestion
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32
Q

How many viruses is enough to cause it cold

A

A single rhinovirus

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33
Q

What are the symptoms for influenza?

A
  • fever
  • chills
  • headache
  • General muscle aches
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34
Q

How long does it take to recover from the flu?

A

In a few days and cold like symptoms appear as the fever subsides

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35
Q

What is the influenza virus capable of?

A

Capable of recombining RNA, creating antigenic shift, mutations that prevent immunity and memory of that strain

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36
Q

Is influenza zoonotic?

A

Yes

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37
Q

What type of vaccine is the flu shot?

A

Multivalent

- multiple strains

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38
Q

What are the reservoirs for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

rodents

- deer mouse

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39
Q

What does Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome cause? (symptoms)

A
  • fever
  • muscle pain
  • chills
  • nausea
  • headache
  • diarrhea
  • leads to respiratory distress
  • hypotension
  • death
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40
Q

How long does it take the Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome to progress?

A

a few days to 6 weeks

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41
Q

How is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome transmitted?

A

inhalation of dried or dusty rodent dropping or urine

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42
Q

What is the direct route of transmission for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

infected rodent bites human

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43
Q

What is the indirect route of transmission for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

person touches area containing virus then touches their own face, nose, mouth

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44
Q

How is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome treated?

A
  • supportive care

- ventilators

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45
Q

What is crucial for survival for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

early diagnosis

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46
Q

How fatal is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

50% even with treatment

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47
Q

How is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome prevented?

A
  • rodent control

- wear face masks or ventilators when going into known rodent infestations

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48
Q

What kind of disease is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

zoonotic

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49
Q

What type of disease is Eastern/Western Equine Encephalitis?

A
  • zoonotic
  • viral diseases that affect humans and horses
  • arborvirus
50
Q

What is the vector for Eastern/Western Equine Encephalitis?

A

mosquito vectors

51
Q

Where does Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEEV) occur?

A

in eastern and northern central USA

52
Q

Where does Western Equine Encephalitis (WEEV) occur?

A

in western and central US

53
Q

What is an arborvirus?

A

arthropod-born virus

54
Q

How does eastern/western equine encephalitis affect the body?

A
  1. The virus attacks the lymphatic system
  2. Replicating in neutrophils and macrophages
  3. Travels to other tissues, specifically nervous tissue
  4. Causes damage via lesions that compromise its function (lymphatic system)
55
Q

How is Eastern/western equine encephalitis transmitted?

A

Mosquito bites infected bird then bites a horse or a human

56
Q

What are the human symptoms for Eastern/western equine encephalitis?

A
  • asymptomatic
  • headache, fever, muscular stiffness
  • disorientation, lethargy, tremors, convulsions, coma
57
Q

What is the mortality rate for humans who are infected with Eastern/Wester an equine encephalitis?

A

35% mortality rate

58
Q

What are the symptoms for birds who have eastern or western equine encephalitis?

A

Mild or inapparent infections

59
Q

What are the symptoms for horses who have Eastern/western equine encephalitis?

A
  • Central nervous system inflammation
  • fever, impaired vision, and coordination, drowsiness, grinding teeth, sawhorse stance, head pricing, sensitivity to light, convulsions, paralysis
60
Q

What is the mortality rate for horses who are infected with Eastern/western equine encephalitis?

A

75-90% mortality rate

61
Q

What could happen if a person or horse recovers from Eastern/western equine encephalitis?

A

High chance of brain damage

62
Q

How is Eastern/western equine encephalitis diagnosed?

A

– Brain tissue analysis on fatal cases

- history, season, serology, geographical location in life cases

63
Q

What is the treatment for Western/Eastern equine encephalitis?

A
  • None

- supportive care

64
Q

How is Eastern/western equine encephalitis prevented/controlled?

A

– Vaccinate your horse

  • mosquito control
  • try to keep your horse away from mosquitoes
65
Q

What is another name for contagious ecthyma?

A
  • orf

- sore mouth

66
Q

What is contagious ecthyma?

A

Infectious dermatitis that affects primarily sheep, goats, and cattle

67
Q

What percentage of blacks in the US are affected by contagious ecthyma?

A

40% within the last three years

68
Q

What virus from contagious ecthyma causes lesions and sores around the mouth?

A

Parapox virus

69
Q

How does contagious ecthyma survive in the environment?

A

Scabs with virus what’s in them can fall off and survive in the environment for years

Highly resistant in environment

70
Q

What are the symptoms for animals that have contagious ecthyma?

A
  • papules will form around lips, nostril, I live and ears of lambs and Kids
  • utters of older animals
  • progress to vesicles, pustules, scabs
71
Q

What are the symptoms for humans who have contagious ecthyma?

A

Papules on face, arms, hands

72
Q

How is contagious ecthyma transmitted?

A
  • contaminated bedding or equipment
  • Feed or feedlots
  • Direct contact with other infected animals
73
Q

What kind of virus is vesicular stomatitis?

A
  • rhabdovirus

- arborvirus

74
Q

What does a rhabdovirus look like?

A

Bullet shaped

75
Q

What does vesicular stomatitis primarily affect?

A

Cattle
Horses
Pigs
Occasionally sheep, goats, and llamas

76
Q

What can vesicular stomatitis be confused with?

A

Foot and mouth disease

77
Q

How is vesicular stomatitis transmitted to humans?

A

Direct contact between infected animals and humans

Inhalation of aerosolized droplets

78
Q

How is vesicular stomatitis transmitted to animals?

A

Arthropod reservoirs

Direct contact with infected lesions

79
Q

What are the arthropod reservoirs for vesicular stomatitis?

A

Mosquitoes

Sandflies

80
Q

What are the symptoms for humans who have vesicular stomatitis?

A

Fever, headache, retro orbital pain, muscle aches

Vesicle formation rarely occurs in mouth, pharynx, or hands

81
Q

How is vesicular stomatitis controlled?

A
  • quarantine
  • isolation of new animals
  • insect control
  • protective clothing and gloves
82
Q

What is the vector for west Nile virus?

A

Mosquitoes

83
Q

What is the reservoir for West Nile virus?

A

Wild birds

84
Q

When was west Nile first scene in the US and where?

A

New York in 1999

85
Q

Why is West Nile virus seasonal?

A

Due to mosquito transmission

From late spring to early fall

86
Q

What are symptomatic carriers and what animals are symptomatic carriers for West Nile virus?

A
  • will get sick with the disease
  • crows
  • blue jays
87
Q

What are asymptomatic carriers and what animals asymptomatic carriers for West Nile virus?

A
  • will not get sick with the disease
  • common sparrows
  • finches
  • perching birds
88
Q

How is West Nile virus transmitted?

A

By being bitten by infected mosquitoes

89
Q

What are the symptoms of West Nile virus for birds?

A

Asymptomatic to disorientation

Muscle tremors

Death

90
Q

What are the symptoms for horses that have West Nile virus?

A
  • subclinical to lethargy
  • hindquarter weakness
  • seizures
  • death
91
Q

What are the symptoms for humans who have West Nile virus?

A
  • subclinical to flu like symptoms
  • arthralgia
  • myalgia
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • rash
  • can progress to meningoencephalitis and death
92
Q

How is west Nile virus diagnosed?

A
  • serology
  • necropsy
  • geographical location
  • season
  • history
93
Q

How was west Nile virus treated?

A
  • supportive care
  • steroids to reduce inflammation of the meninges
  • antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections
94
Q

How is west Nile virus prevented and controlled?

A

– Vaccine for horses

– Mosquito control

95
Q

What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

A

Mad cow disease

Progressive neurological disorder in cattle due to infectious protein particles known as prions

96
Q

What are prions?

A

Modified forms of a normal protein that becomes pathogenic and cause degeneration of the brain

97
Q

How did mad cow disease manifest?

A

When cattle were fed bone meal from scrapie infected sheep

98
Q

What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy called in humans?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease

99
Q

What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy called in sheep and goats?

A

Scrapie

100
Q

What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy called in cats?

A

Feline spongiform encephalopathy

101
Q

How is mad cow disease transmitted?

A

Inherited or ingested

102
Q

How does mad cow disease progress in cattle?

A

Very slow progressing disease

Rarely see this and cattle less than two years old

103
Q

What are the symptoms of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle?

A
  • apprehensiveness
  • nervousness
  • reluctance to turn corners or go through doorways
  • manic kicking
  • Head shyness
  • high stepping gait
  • difficulty getting up
  • skin trimmers
  • loss of condition
  • death
104
Q

How does Creutzfeldt-Jacobs disease progress in humans?

A

gradual progressive disease may take months to years to manifest

105
Q

What are the symptoms for Creutzfeldt-Jacobs disease and humans?

A 
– Behavioral changes
– Hypersensitivity to light and touch
– Ataxia
– Dementia
– Muscle tremors two more severe contractions or spasms
– Death
106
Q

How is mad cow disease treated?

A
  • supportive care for humans

- culling infected animals

107
Q

What kind of virus is the rabies virus?

A
  • zoonotic

- Rhabdovirus

108
Q

How is rabies virus transmitted?

A

Usually acquired by a bite of an infected animal

109
Q

How does the rabies virus affect the body once it has entered the central nervous system?

A

Spreads rapidly throughout the nervous system and two other tissues

110
Q

Why is the rabies virus usually spread by saliva?

A

The rabies virus proliferates in the salivary glands

111
Q

What are the phases of the rabies virus in animals?

A
  1. Initial phase
  2. Excitative phase
  3. Paralytic phase
112
Q

What is the initial phase of the rabies virus?

A

Behavioral changes
- seeks isolation, stops eating and drinking

Drools

Lasts 1 to 3 days

113
Q

What is the excitative phase of the rabies virus?

A

– Irrational and aggressive
– Loses beer and attacks without warning
– Progresses to incoordination and seizures
Death within 10 days

114
Q

What is the paralytic phase of the rabies virus?

A 
– Animal is not aggressive
– Paralysis of throat and jaw muscles
– Profuse salivation, inability to swallow
– Dropping of lower jaw
– Leads to death within 10 days
115
Q

What kind of animal experiences the excitative phase?

A

Carnivores

116
Q

What are the human symptoms of the rabies virus?

A

– Fever

  • headache
  • convulsions
  • excessive flow of tears and saliva
  • insomnia, anxiety
  • maniacal behavior
117
Q

What is clinical rabies?

A

Results in death of the patient usually within 2 to 6 days

118
Q

How long should an animal that bites a human be quarantined?

A

8 to 10 days

119
Q

How is the rabies virus control and prevented?

A

Control and domestic animals by vaccination in quarantine

Post exposure immunoprophylaxis

Vaccination of high-risk people

120
Q

What is post exposure immunoprophylaxis?

A
  • preformed antibodies directly to wound

- five IM injections of rabies vaccine

Microbiology and Hematology (20 decks)

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