Microbiology: Gram (+) Organisms Flashcards
1
Q
What does staphylococci look like?
A
Gram-positive cocci
Blue-purple
Round
2
Q
How are gram-positive organisms resistant in the environment? What can they withstand?
A
- drying
- increased salt
- Dried pus
- Inactive in boils
- Less susceptible to antimicrobials when inactive
3
Q
What can coagulase (+) cocci do?
A
Can clot plasma
4
Q
What organisms are coagulase positive?
A
- pneumococci
- streptococci
5
Q
What do pyogenic cocci do?
A
- Cause pus forming infections
- White blood cells go to infected areas causing swelling and exudate
6
Q
Coagulase can produce what kind of toxins?
A
- enterotoxins
- hemolysins
- Leukocydines
- hyaluronidase
7
Q
What does hyaluronidase do?
A
Dissolves tissue
Aids in spreading bacteria
8
Q
How many coagulase negative cocci are there?
A
27 kinds
9
Q
What relationship do coagulase negative cocci you have with the host?
A
Commensual (mostly)
10
Q
What bacteria can cause skin infections such as cellulitis, boils, and impetigo?
A
Staphylococcus aureus
11
Q
What bacteria causes toxic shock syndrome?
A
Staphylococcus aureus
12
Q
What are the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome?
A
- fever
- shock
- death
- Septicemia
13
Q
What is septicemia?
A
Proliferation of microbes within the circulatory system
14
Q
What organism can cause acute bacterial endocarditis?
A
Staphylococcus aureus
15
Q
What bacteria can cause pneumonia?
A
Staphylococcus aureus
16
Q
What is staphylococcal food poisoning?
A
Caused by the overgrowth of bacteria on food leading to the production of a toxin that causes illness
17
Q
What are the symptoms for staphylococcal food poisoning?
A
humans
- sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
Animals
- subclinical
- mastitis in cows
- fatal infections in rabbits
18
Q
What is the incubation period for staphylococcal food poisoning?
A
30 minutes to 8 hours
19
Q
What causes greasy pig disease? (Exudative epidermitis)
A
Staphylococcus hyicus
20
Q
What relationship do staphylococcus epidermidis and staphylococcus saprophyticus have with its host?
A
Considered to be commensual
Can get into the bloodstream and cause an infection
21
Q
What bacteria are used in fermented meat, dried fish, and soy sauce?
A
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus carnosus
22
Q
Some strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus carnosus can produce what type of toxin?
A
Enterotoxins
23
Q
What does MRSA stand for?
A
Multiple drug resistant staphylococcus aureus
24
Q
What kind of pathogen is MRSA?
A
Nosocomial pathogen
25
What can healthcare providers be a reservoir or vector for?
MRSA
26
How is MRSA transmitted?
- Skin contact
- contaminated instruments or equipment
- contaminated environment
27
What are the localized symptoms of MRSA?
- pustules
- boils
- drainage
- inflammation
- exudate
28
What are the systemic symptoms for MRSA?
- pneumonia
| - septicemia
29
How can MRSA be treated?
Incision and drainage
Culture and sensitivity
Appropriate anabiotic treatment
30
How do you prevent MRSA?
Personal protective equipment such as gloves
31
What do you streptococci look like?
G(+) cocci in chains or pairs
32
What is the Lancefield system for differentiating streptococci?
Grouped by serotype
| - antigen that binds with a particular antibody
33
What can streptococci produce?
A variety of toxins, enzymes, capsules
34
What can some strains of streptococci produce that lyse red blood cells?
Hemolysins
35
What are the different types of streptococci hemolysins?
- gamma hemolysin
- alpha hemolysin
- beta hemolysin
36
What do gamma hemolysins do?
Non-hemolytic
No change to color of blood agar
Grows on nutrient agar surface
37
What do alpha hemolysins do?
Partial hemolysis of blood
- green
- cloudy haze around colony growth
38
What do beta hemolysins do?
Complete hemolysis of blood
Clear, colorless zone around colony growth
39
What environment conditions can streptococci survive in?
Similar conditions as staphylococcus
40
What are streptococcus and staphylococcus considered to be?
Normal skin flora
41
What's the best way to get rid of a streptococcus infection?
Antibiotics
42
What bacteria causes impetigo and other localized skin infections?
Streptococcus pyrogens
43
What bacteria causes necrotizing fasciitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes
44
What is necrotizing fasciitis also known as?
Flesh eating bacteria
45
What substances are produced during necrotizing fasciitis?
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Deoxyribonucleases
46
What bacteria causes rheumatic fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes
47
What causes a rheumatic fever?
Following a streptococcal sore throat
48
What can rheumatic fever cause?
Inflammation of the heart and heart valve damage
49
What is streptococcal pharyngitis?
Strep throat
50
What is streptococcal pharyngitis caused by?
Beta hemolytic streptococci
51
What are the symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis?
Information and fever
Tonsillitis can occur
Large lymph nodes in neck
52
What anabiotic is used to treat streptococcal pharyngitis?
Penicillin
53
How was streptococcal pharyngitis transmitted?
Respiratory secretions
54
What bacteria causes scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes
55
What disease can lead to scarlet fever?
Strep throat
56
What toxin is secreted that causes scarlet fever?
Erythrogenic toxin
57
Symptoms of scarlet fever
- Red/pink skin rash and high fever
| - tongue sloughs outer layers
58
What kind of disease is scarlet fever?
Communicable
59
How was Scarlett fever spread?
Inhalation of infective droplets from an infected person
60
What can cause pneumonia, pleuritis, meningitis, septicemia, and otitis media?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
61
What do virulent strains of streptococcus pneumoniae have?
Antigenic capsules
62
What are normal enteric GI bacteria?
Streptococcus faecalis
63
What bacteria causes endocarditis?
Streptococcus faecalis
64
What is endocarditis?
Infection inside the heart
65
What does clostridium look like?
G(+) rod
Spore former
66
What kind of environment does clostridium prefer?
Obligate anaerobe
67
What does clostridium produce?
A variety of potent exotoxins
68
What bacteria causes clostridial food poisoning?
Clostridium perfringens
69
What is dysentery?
Diarrhea with mucus
70
What bacteria causes dysentery?
Clostridium perfringens
71
What bacteria causes gas gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
72
Gas gangrene is severe and often _______.
Fatal
73
What bacteria causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
74
What bacteria produces the toxin tetranospasmin?
Clostridium tetani
75
What does the tetanospasmin toxin do to the body?
Prevents the shutting off of a skeletal muscle impulses
Spasm, lockjaw
76
How much tetanospasmin does it take to kill 30 people?
I'm out of ink in one period at the end of a sentence
77
What does the toxin tetanolysin do?
Destroys tissue
Hemolysin
78
How affective is treatment to a person that has not been vaccinated for tetanus and is exposed to tetanus?
30 to 90% fatal
79
What bacteria produces the toxin tetanolysin?
Clostridium tetani
80
What bacteria causes botulism?
Clostridium botulinum
81
Where can the bacteria clostridium botulinum be found?
Soil
| Water
82
What causes most cases of botulism?
From eating home canned low acid foods
83
If ingested what can clostridium botulinum toxin do to the body?
Cause paralysis by preventing nerve impulses
Suffocate or heart stops
84
When do the spores of clostridium botulinum germinate?
In anaerobic environments
85
What part of clostridium botulinum produces the botulism toxin?
Vegetative cell
86
What bacteria is considered to be a public health concern?
Clostridium botulinum
87
How deadly is botulism?
30% fatal if not treated fast enough
88
What is the treatment for botulism?
Supportive care with a ventilator and polyvalent antitoxin (General antitoxin)
89
What causes infant botulism?
Clostridium botulinum
90
Where does the clostridium botulinum bacteria germinate and produce toxins in infants?
Inside intestines
91
Where can infants be exposed to clostridium botulinum spores?
Honey
92
What do you bacillus bacteria look like?
G(+) and G(-) rods
93
What does bacillus anthracis look like?
G(+) rod
Spore former
Capsule
94
Where can bacillus anthracis be found? (What states?)
- North Dakota
- Nebraska
- Arkansas
- Mississippi
- Louisiana
- Texas
- California
95
Where can bacillus anthracis spores live decades in?
Soil
96
What is the bacteria associated with anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
97
What animals does anthrax effect?
Most Warm-blooded animals
98
How are people traditionally exposed to anthrax?
From animals or animal products like wall or hides
99
What is it called when people were exposed to anthrax from sheep?
Wool sorter's disease
100
What does anthrax affect in the body?
Can infect wounds, lungs, G.I. Tract
101
What is cutaneous anthrax?
- papule, vesicle, black spot of necrosis
- can progress to involve regional lymph nodes
- septicemia
- death
102
What is pulmonary anthrax?
Flu like symptoms
- fever
- sweating
- respiratory distress
- death
103
What happens if the anthrax enters the bloodstream?
Often fatal
104
What drugs can be used against anthrax?
- penicillin G
- streptomycin
- both
105
What was anthrax used as in 2001?
Bio-warfare
106
What does listeria look like?
Small
G(+) rod
Non-spore forming
Motile
107
Where can Listeria monocytogenes be found?
Everywhere
All over earth in almost any type of animal
108
Where is Listeria monocytogenes most commonly found?
```
Fish
Birds
Soil
Sewage
Silage
```
109
What listeria bacteria can survive pasteurization?
Listeria monocytogenes
110
At what temperature do Listeria monocytogenes multiply?
Refrigerator temperature
| 4°C
111
What bacteria is a major problem in the dairy industry?
Listeria monocytogenes
112
What symptoms do Listeria monocytogenes cause?
Flu like symptoms
- fever
- muscle aches
- loss of balance
- endocarditis
- abortion and cattle, sheep and humans
113
What bacteria can cause encephalitis and meningitis in cattle and sheep?
Listeria monocytogenes
114
What is encephalitis?
Circling disease
Causes animals to walk in circles due to head or facial paralysis
115
What human is 20 times more likely to get listeriosis?
Pregnant women
116
What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in humans?
- miscarriages
- stillborns
- premature deliveries
117
Infants, children, elderly, and immune compromised people are more likely to be infected with what bacteria?
Listeria monocytogenes
118
How many cases of listeria monocytogenes happen each year in the US?
1600 a year
119
What is the mortality rate per year in the US for listeria monocytogenes?
260 a year
120
How are Listeria monocytogenes controlled and prevented?
- pasteurization of milk and cheese
- Cook meat thoroughly
- problematic with deli meats, hotdogs, smoked seafood
- contamination occurs after cooling but between packaging process
121
What does corynebacteria look like?
G(+)
Non-spore forming
Pleomorphic rod
- many shapes and appearances
122
What does corynebacteria diptheriae cause?
- sore throat
- fever
- General malaise
- swelling of the neck
- could lead to death
123
What are corynebacteria?
Normal flora of mucous membranes
124
What is the characteristic symptom of corynebacteria diptheriae?
Tough grayish membrane that forms in the throat
- made of fibrin, dead tissue, and bacterial cells
- can completely block air passages
125
How is corynebacteria diptheriae transmitted?
Airborne transmission
126
What can corynebacteria diptheriae produce?
Exotoxins
127
How can you treat corynebacteria diptheriae?
Therapy must be antitoxin in addition to antibiotics
128
How is corynebacteria diptheriae prevented?
The DTaP vaccine in children
Inactivated toxin
