Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology and Hematology > Microbiology: Gram (+) Organisms > Flashcards

Microbiology: Gram (+) Organisms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does staphylococci look like?

A

Gram-positive cocci
Blue-purple
Round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are gram-positive organisms resistant in the environment? What can they withstand?

A
  1. drying
  2. increased salt
  3. Dried pus
  4. Inactive in boils
  5. Less susceptible to antimicrobials when inactive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can coagulase (+) cocci do?

A

Can clot plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What organisms are coagulase positive?

A
  • pneumococci

- streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do pyogenic cocci do?

A
  • Cause pus forming infections

- White blood cells go to infected areas causing swelling and exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Coagulase can produce what kind of toxins?

A
  • enterotoxins
  • hemolysins
  • Leukocydines
  • hyaluronidase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does hyaluronidase do?

A

Dissolves tissue

Aids in spreading bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many coagulase negative cocci are there?

A

27 kinds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What relationship do coagulase negative cocci you have with the host?

A

Commensual (mostly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What bacteria can cause skin infections such as cellulitis, boils, and impetigo?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What bacteria causes toxic shock syndrome?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome?

A
  • fever
  • shock
  • death
  • Septicemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is septicemia?

A

Proliferation of microbes within the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What organism can cause acute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What bacteria can cause pneumonia?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is staphylococcal food poisoning?

A

Caused by the overgrowth of bacteria on food leading to the production of a toxin that causes illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the symptoms for staphylococcal food poisoning?

A

humans
- sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea

Animals

  • subclinical
  • mastitis in cows
  • fatal infections in rabbits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the incubation period for staphylococcal food poisoning?

A

30 minutes to 8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes greasy pig disease? (Exudative epidermitis)

A

Staphylococcus hyicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What relationship do staphylococcus epidermidis and staphylococcus saprophyticus have with its host?

A

Considered to be commensual

Can get into the bloodstream and cause an infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What bacteria are used in fermented meat, dried fish, and soy sauce?

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Staphylococcus carnosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Some strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus carnosus can produce what type of toxin?

A

Enterotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Multiple drug resistant staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What kind of pathogen is MRSA?

A

Nosocomial pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What can healthcare providers be a reservoir or vector for?

A

MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is MRSA transmitted?

A
  • Skin contact
  • contaminated instruments or equipment
  • contaminated environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the localized symptoms of MRSA?

A
  • pustules
  • boils
  • drainage
  • inflammation
  • exudate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the systemic symptoms for MRSA?

A
  • pneumonia

- septicemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How can MRSA be treated?

A

Incision and drainage

Culture and sensitivity

Appropriate anabiotic treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do you prevent MRSA?

A

Personal protective equipment such as gloves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do you streptococci look like?

A

G(+) cocci in chains or pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the Lancefield system for differentiating streptococci?

A

Grouped by serotype

- antigen that binds with a particular antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What can streptococci produce?

A

A variety of toxins, enzymes, capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What can some strains of streptococci produce that lyse red blood cells?

A

Hemolysins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the different types of streptococci hemolysins?

A
  • gamma hemolysin
  • alpha hemolysin
  • beta hemolysin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do gamma hemolysins do?

A

Non-hemolytic

No change to color of blood agar

Grows on nutrient agar surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do alpha hemolysins do?

A

Partial hemolysis of blood

  • green
  • cloudy haze around colony growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do beta hemolysins do?

A

Complete hemolysis of blood

Clear, colorless zone around colony growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What environment conditions can streptococci survive in?

A

Similar conditions as staphylococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are streptococcus and staphylococcus considered to be?

A

Normal skin flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What’s the best way to get rid of a streptococcus infection?

A

Antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What bacteria causes impetigo and other localized skin infections?

A

Streptococcus pyrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What bacteria causes necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is necrotizing fasciitis also known as?

A

Flesh eating bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What substances are produced during necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Streptokinase

Hyaluronidase

Deoxyribonucleases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What bacteria causes rheumatic fever?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What causes a rheumatic fever?

A

Following a streptococcal sore throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What can rheumatic fever cause?

A

Inflammation of the heart and heart valve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

Strep throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is streptococcal pharyngitis caused by?

A

Beta hemolytic streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

Information and fever

Tonsillitis can occur

Large lymph nodes in neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What anabiotic is used to treat streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

Penicillin

53
Q

How was streptococcal pharyngitis transmitted?

A

Respiratory secretions

54
Q

What bacteria causes scarlet fever?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

55
Q

What disease can lead to scarlet fever?

A

Strep throat

56
Q

What toxin is secreted that causes scarlet fever?

A

Erythrogenic toxin

57
Q

Symptoms of scarlet fever

A
  • Red/pink skin rash and high fever

- tongue sloughs outer layers

58
Q

What kind of disease is scarlet fever?

A

Communicable

59
Q

How was Scarlett fever spread?

A

Inhalation of infective droplets from an infected person

60
Q

What can cause pneumonia, pleuritis, meningitis, septicemia, and otitis media?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

61
Q

What do virulent strains of streptococcus pneumoniae have?

A

Antigenic capsules

62
Q

What are normal enteric GI bacteria?

A

Streptococcus faecalis

63
Q

What bacteria causes endocarditis?

A

Streptococcus faecalis

64
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

Infection inside the heart

65
Q

What does clostridium look like?

A

G(+) rod

Spore former

66
Q

What kind of environment does clostridium prefer?

A

Obligate anaerobe

67
Q

What does clostridium produce?

A

A variety of potent exotoxins

68
Q

What bacteria causes clostridial food poisoning?

A

Clostridium perfringens

69
Q

What is dysentery?

A

Diarrhea with mucus

70
Q

What bacteria causes dysentery?

A

Clostridium perfringens

71
Q

What bacteria causes gas gangrene?

A

Clostridium perfringens

72
Q

Gas gangrene is severe and often _______.

A

Fatal

73
Q

What bacteria causes tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

74
Q

What bacteria produces the toxin tetranospasmin?

A

Clostridium tetani

75
Q

What does the tetanospasmin toxin do to the body?

A

Prevents the shutting off of a skeletal muscle impulses

Spasm, lockjaw

76
Q

How much tetanospasmin does it take to kill 30 people?

A

I’m out of ink in one period at the end of a sentence

77
Q

What does the toxin tetanolysin do?

A

Destroys tissue

Hemolysin

78
Q

How affective is treatment to a person that has not been vaccinated for tetanus and is exposed to tetanus?

A

30 to 90% fatal

79
Q

What bacteria produces the toxin tetanolysin?

A

Clostridium tetani

80
Q

What bacteria causes botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum

81
Q

Where can the bacteria clostridium botulinum be found?

A

Soil

Water

82
Q

What causes most cases of botulism?

A

From eating home canned low acid foods

83
Q

If ingested what can clostridium botulinum toxin do to the body?

A

Cause paralysis by preventing nerve impulses

Suffocate or heart stops

84
Q

When do the spores of clostridium botulinum germinate?

A

In anaerobic environments

85
Q

What part of clostridium botulinum produces the botulism toxin?

A

Vegetative cell

86
Q

What bacteria is considered to be a public health concern?

A

Clostridium botulinum

87
Q

How deadly is botulism?

A

30% fatal if not treated fast enough

88
Q

What is the treatment for botulism?

A

Supportive care with a ventilator and polyvalent antitoxin (General antitoxin)

89
Q

What causes infant botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum

90
Q

Where does the clostridium botulinum bacteria germinate and produce toxins in infants?

A

Inside intestines

91
Q

Where can infants be exposed to clostridium botulinum spores?

A

Honey

92
Q

What do you bacillus bacteria look like?

A

G(+) and G(-) rods

93
Q

What does bacillus anthracis look like?

A

G(+) rod

Spore former

Capsule

94
Q

Where can bacillus anthracis be found? (What states?)

A
  • North Dakota
  • Nebraska
  • Arkansas
  • Mississippi
  • Louisiana
  • Texas
  • California
95
Q

Where can bacillus anthracis spores live decades in?

A

Soil

96
Q

What is the bacteria associated with anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

97
Q

What animals does anthrax effect?

A

Most Warm-blooded animals

98
Q

How are people traditionally exposed to anthrax?

A

From animals or animal products like wall or hides

99
Q

What is it called when people were exposed to anthrax from sheep?

A

Wool sorter’s disease

100
Q

What does anthrax affect in the body?

A

Can infect wounds, lungs, G.I. Tract

101
Q

What is cutaneous anthrax?

A
  • papule, vesicle, black spot of necrosis
  • can progress to involve regional lymph nodes
  • septicemia
  • death
102
Q

What is pulmonary anthrax?

A

Flu like symptoms

  • fever
  • sweating
  • respiratory distress
  • death
103
Q

What happens if the anthrax enters the bloodstream?

A

Often fatal

104
Q

What drugs can be used against anthrax?

A
  • penicillin G
  • streptomycin
  • both
105
Q

What was anthrax used as in 2001?

A

Bio-warfare

106
Q

What does listeria look like?

A

Small
G(+) rod
Non-spore forming
Motile

107
Q

Where can Listeria monocytogenes be found?

A

Everywhere

All over earth in almost any type of animal

108
Q

Where is Listeria monocytogenes most commonly found?

A 
Fish
Birds 
Soil 
Sewage 
Silage
109
Q

What listeria bacteria can survive pasteurization?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

110
Q

At what temperature do Listeria monocytogenes multiply?

A

Refrigerator temperature

4°C

111
Q

What bacteria is a major problem in the dairy industry?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

112
Q

What symptoms do Listeria monocytogenes cause?

A

Flu like symptoms

  • fever
  • muscle aches
  • loss of balance
  • endocarditis
  • abortion and cattle, sheep and humans
113
Q

What bacteria can cause encephalitis and meningitis in cattle and sheep?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

114
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Circling disease

Causes animals to walk in circles due to head or facial paralysis

115
Q

What human is 20 times more likely to get listeriosis?

A

Pregnant women

116
Q

What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in humans?

A
  • miscarriages
  • stillborns
  • premature deliveries
117
Q

Infants, children, elderly, and immune compromised people are more likely to be infected with what bacteria?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

118
Q

How many cases of listeria monocytogenes happen each year in the US?

A

1600 a year

119
Q

What is the mortality rate per year in the US for listeria monocytogenes?

A

260 a year

120
Q

How are Listeria monocytogenes controlled and prevented?

A
  • pasteurization of milk and cheese
  • Cook meat thoroughly
  • problematic with deli meats, hotdogs, smoked seafood
  • contamination occurs after cooling but between packaging process
121
Q

What does corynebacteria look like?

A

G(+)
Non-spore forming
Pleomorphic rod
- many shapes and appearances

122
Q

What does corynebacteria diptheriae cause?

A
  • sore throat
  • fever
  • General malaise
  • swelling of the neck
  • could lead to death
123
Q

What are corynebacteria?

A

Normal flora of mucous membranes

124
Q

What is the characteristic symptom of corynebacteria diptheriae?

A

Tough grayish membrane that forms in the throat

  • made of fibrin, dead tissue, and bacterial cells
  • can completely block air passages
125
Q

How is corynebacteria diptheriae transmitted?

A

Airborne transmission

126
Q

What can corynebacteria diptheriae produce?

A

Exotoxins

127
Q

How can you treat corynebacteria diptheriae?

A

Therapy must be antitoxin in addition to antibiotics

128
Q

How is corynebacteria diptheriae prevented?

A

The DTaP vaccine in children

Inactivated toxin

Microbiology and Hematology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions