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Microbiology and Hematology > Hematology: Erythrocyte Abnormalities > Flashcards

Hematology: Erythrocyte Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What is anemia?

A

condition characterized by decreased RBC number or decreased PCV or decreased hemoglobin

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2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of anemia?

A
  1. body can’t function properly with low O2
  2. decreased exercise tolerance
  3. lethargy
  4. depression
  5. pale mucous membranes
  6. increased heart rate
  7. respiration rates increase
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3
Q

Where does the blood go during anemia?

A

blood goes from the surface to deep organs such as the brain and heart

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4
Q

Why is it important to properly identify an anemia?

A

so you can treat it properly

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5
Q

How are anemias evaluated and classified?

A
  • RBC morphology
  • disease symptoms
  • bone marrow response
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6
Q

What are the mathematical computations that help classification?

A

indices

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7
Q

What is MCV?

A

cell size

  • cytic
  • macrocytic
  • microcytic
  • normocytic
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8
Q

What is MCHC?

A

stain intensity or color

  • chromo
  • normochromic
  • hypochromic
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9
Q

What is MCH?

A
  • no practical value

- lab quality control

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10
Q

What can’t indices tell you?

A

disease process in anemias

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11
Q

How is morphologic classification confirmed?

A

microscopic examination during the differential

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12
Q

How is morphological classification helpful?

A

limits the possible causes and forms foundation for consideration and selection of treatment

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13
Q

What are anemias separated into?

A
  1. regenerative

2. non-regenerative

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14
Q

What are the different anemias based off of?

A

based on bone marrow response

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15
Q

What is regenerative anemia?

A

erythropoiesis is taking place and bone marrow is responding to anemia

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16
Q

What does increased erythropoiesis lead to?

A

increased immature RBC in circulation

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17
Q

How is a regenerative anemia characterized?

A
  • reticulocytosis and increased polychromasia

- anisocytosis and erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow

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18
Q

Ability for bone marrow to respond indicates cause is either _____ or ______ .

A
  1. hemorrhagic

2. hemolysis

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19
Q

How many days does it take for a regenerative response to be seen in the blood stream?

A

2-5 days

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20
Q

What is non-regenerative anemia?

A

the body does not respond to the anemia

- bone marrow is unable to respond

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21
Q

Is polychomasia and reticulocytosis present in non-regenerative anemia?

A

no, it is absent

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22
Q

The cause of non-regenerative anemia could be what?

A
  • a bone marrow disorder
  • decreased erythropoietin
  • ineffective RBC production
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23
Q

What is the most common cause of non-regenerative anemia in cats?

A

FeLV

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24
Q

Nucleated RBC do not give indication of regenerative response if there is no what?

A

reticulocytosis

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25
What could be the cause of a bone marrow disease?
1. FIV 2. cancer 3. viral infection
26
What are the different types of anemia?
1. Hemorrhagic 2. Iron deficiency 3. Vitamin B 12 or folic acid deficiency 4. Aplastic anemia 5. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
27
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
Results from loss of substantial quantities of blood and decreases red blood cell numbers
28
How long does it take someone to recover from hemorrhagic anemia?
May take 1-2 weeks to recover by erythropoiesis
29
During hemorrhagic anemia recovery what can the cells look like?
Macro (big) | Hypo (color)
30
When are macrocytic and hypochromic cells seen during hemorrhagic anemia?
Transitory condition indicating remission
31
What is iron deficiency anemia?
Excessive loss, deficient intake, or poor absorption of iron
32
What do red blood cells look like during iron deficiency anemia?
Microcytic | Hypochromic
33
What happens to red blood cells that are iron deficient?
Contain less hemoglobin
34
What are the early signs of iron deficiency?
Microcytic Normochromic - normal in Akitas
35
What is vitamin B 12 or folic acid deficiency anemia?
Inability to absorb adequate amounts of vitamin B 12
36
How does a vitamin B 12 or folic acid deficiency affect red blood cell production?
- Produces small numbers of red blood cells - larger than normal and more fragile - erythropoiesis disrupted
37
What do red blood cells look like with vitamin B 12 deficiency?
Macrocytic | Normochromic
38
What does a vitamin B 12 deficiency mimic in cattle?
Cobalt deficiency Rare
39
What is aplastic anemia?
Inadequate production of red blood cells due to inhibition or destruction of red bone marrow
40
What is the cause of a plastic anemia?
- radiation - toxins - medications - chloramphenicol (antibiotics)
41
What is autoimmune hemolytic anemia also known as?
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia
42
What is autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
- Due to accelerated red blood cell destruction | - body produces antibodies against antigens on red blood cell surfaces
43
What happens when the body produces antibodies against red blood cells?
Antibodies coat red blood cell surfaces and the red blood cells are removed from circulation permanently
44
When does autoimmune hemolytic anemia occur?
May occur as primary disease or may be associated with other diseases - bacterial - viral - Rickettsia
45
What are the clinical signs of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
- anemia - hemolysis - thrombocytopenia Low number of RBC in circulation
46
What is the most common cause of regenerative anemia in dogs?
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
47
What are commonly seen on RBC in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Spherocytes
48
What is Rouleaux?
Grouping of red blood cells resembling a stack of coins
49
What does the degree of rouleaux indicate?
- Tends to parallel increased fibrinogen levels | - increased serum globulin levels
50
In what species is rouleaux common?
Horses and dogs
51
When is rouleaux exaggerated?
During inflammatory or neoplastic disease
52
In what species is rouleaux rare?
Ruminants
53
What is agglutination?
Aggregation of RBC
54
What is aggregation?
Forming a cluster
55
What causes aggregation to occur?
Sometimes in antibody mediated anemia Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA) Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
56
How can agglutination be differentiated from rouleaux?
By diluting the blood sample 1:1 with saline and examining it under a microscope
57
What is polychromasia?
- Variation in color - bluish cytoplasm (residual RNA) - large polychromatophils (RBC)
58
What is hypochromasia?
- Decreased staining intensity | - increased central pallor
59
What causes hypochromasia?
Insufficient hemoglobin Iron deficiency
60
What are poikilocytes?
Abnormally shaped red blood cells
61
Where are poikilocytes seen?
In diseases characterized by red blood cell fragmentation or increased fragility
62
What kind of problems do poikilocytes indicate?
Liver Kidney Spleen Vessel problems
63
What kind of cell is a leptocyte?
Poikilocyte
64
What are leptocytes?
Thin cells with increased membrane and decreased hemoglobin volume Hypochromic
65
What do leptocytes look like?
Easily distorted Folded
66
What kind of anemia has leptocytes?
Non-regenerative anemia
67
What are the most common types of leptocytes?
1. Target cells | 2. Folded cells
68
What are target cells?
Red blood cells with a round central area of hemoglobin surrounded by a clear zone with a dense ring of hemoglobin around the edge Looks like a target
69
What is another name for target cells?
Codocyte
70
What is the normal number for target cells seen in the blood stream?
Small numbers are normal
71
What do target cells signify?
Iron deficiency Hepatocyte insufficiency
72
What do folded cells look like?
Raised folds extending across the center
73
What are folded cells also called?
Knizocyte
74
What are spherocytes?
small dark RBC lacking central pallor
75
What causes spherocytes?
reduction of membrane of the cell
76
When are spherocytes seen?
- AIHA (autoimmune hemolytic anemia - Zinc toxicity - following transfusions
77
What does the body do to spherocytes?
removed from circulation permanently
78
What are stomatocytes?
cup shaped RBC looks like a mouth oval shaped central pallor
79
When are stomatocytes seen?
certain liver diseases | - artifact in thick blood smears
80
What animal has hereditary stomatocytosis?
Alaskan Malamute (dog)
81
What are ancanthocytes?
- spur cells | - irregularly spiculated RBC with 2-10 blunt projections
82
When are ancanthocytes seen?
- sometimes seen in severe liver disease | - increased blood cholesterol
83
What causes ancanthocytes?
1. Hemangiosarcoma 2. DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) 3. Glomerulonephritis
84
What type of cell is a schistocyte?
poikilocyte
85
What is a schistocyte?
irregularly shaped fragments of RBC
86
What is it called when schistocytes are sheared into pieces?
helmet cells
87
What do schistocyte cause?
Microangiopathy
88
What is microangiopathy?
- partial occlusion of vessels | - cells forced through an opening that is too small and are broken apart
89
What are echinocytes?
lab made cells | from lab error
90
What do echninocyte cells look like?
crenated | spiculated
91
When are echninocytes seen as an artifact?
- increased EDTA - improper smear prep - prolonged sample storage

Microbiology and Hematology (20 decks)

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