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Microbiology and Hematology > Hematology: Erythrocyte Abnormalities > Flashcards

Hematology: Erythrocyte Abnormalities Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anemia?

A

condition characterized by decreased RBC number or decreased PCV or decreased hemoglobin

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2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of anemia?

A
  1. body can’t function properly with low O2
  2. decreased exercise tolerance
  3. lethargy
  4. depression
  5. pale mucous membranes
  6. increased heart rate
  7. respiration rates increase
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3
Q

Where does the blood go during anemia?

A

blood goes from the surface to deep organs such as the brain and heart

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4
Q

Why is it important to properly identify an anemia?

A

so you can treat it properly

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5
Q

How are anemias evaluated and classified?

A
  • RBC morphology
  • disease symptoms
  • bone marrow response
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6
Q

What are the mathematical computations that help classification?

A

indices

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7
Q

What is MCV?

A

cell size

  • cytic
  • macrocytic
  • microcytic
  • normocytic
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8
Q

What is MCHC?

A

stain intensity or color

  • chromo
  • normochromic
  • hypochromic
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9
Q

What is MCH?

A
  • no practical value

- lab quality control

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10
Q

What can’t indices tell you?

A

disease process in anemias

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11
Q

How is morphologic classification confirmed?

A

microscopic examination during the differential

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12
Q

How is morphological classification helpful?

A

limits the possible causes and forms foundation for consideration and selection of treatment

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13
Q

What are anemias separated into?

A
  1. regenerative

2. non-regenerative

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14
Q

What are the different anemias based off of?

A

based on bone marrow response

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15
Q

What is regenerative anemia?

A

erythropoiesis is taking place and bone marrow is responding to anemia

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16
Q

What does increased erythropoiesis lead to?

A

increased immature RBC in circulation

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17
Q

How is a regenerative anemia characterized?

A
  • reticulocytosis and increased polychromasia

- anisocytosis and erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow

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18
Q

Ability for bone marrow to respond indicates cause is either _____ or ______ .

A
  1. hemorrhagic

2. hemolysis

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19
Q

How many days does it take for a regenerative response to be seen in the blood stream?

A

2-5 days

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20
Q

What is non-regenerative anemia?

A

the body does not respond to the anemia

- bone marrow is unable to respond

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21
Q

Is polychomasia and reticulocytosis present in non-regenerative anemia?

A

no, it is absent

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22
Q

The cause of non-regenerative anemia could be what?

A
  • a bone marrow disorder
  • decreased erythropoietin
  • ineffective RBC production
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23
Q

What is the most common cause of non-regenerative anemia in cats?

A

FeLV

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24
Q

Nucleated RBC do not give indication of regenerative response if there is no what?

A

reticulocytosis

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25
Q

What could be the cause of a bone marrow disease?

A
  1. FIV
  2. cancer
  3. viral infection
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26
Q

What are the different types of anemia?

A
  1. Hemorrhagic
  2. Iron deficiency
  3. Vitamin B 12 or folic acid deficiency
  4. Aplastic anemia
  5. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
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27
Q

What is hemorrhagic anemia?

A

Results from loss of substantial quantities of blood and decreases red blood cell numbers

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28
Q

How long does it take someone to recover from hemorrhagic anemia?

A

May take 1-2 weeks to recover by erythropoiesis

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29
Q

During hemorrhagic anemia recovery what can the cells look like?

A

Macro (big)

Hypo (color)

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30
Q

When are macrocytic and hypochromic cells seen during hemorrhagic anemia?

A

Transitory condition indicating remission

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31
Q

What is iron deficiency anemia?

A

Excessive loss, deficient intake, or poor absorption of iron

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32
Q

What do red blood cells look like during iron deficiency anemia?

A

Microcytic

Hypochromic

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33
Q

What happens to red blood cells that are iron deficient?

A

Contain less hemoglobin

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34
Q

What are the early signs of iron deficiency?

A

Microcytic
Normochromic

  • normal in Akitas
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35
Q

What is vitamin B 12 or folic acid deficiency anemia?

A

Inability to absorb adequate amounts of vitamin B 12

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36
Q

How does a vitamin B 12 or folic acid deficiency affect red blood cell production?

A
  • Produces small numbers of red blood cells
  • larger than normal and more fragile
  • erythropoiesis disrupted
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37
Q

What do red blood cells look like with vitamin B 12 deficiency?

A

Macrocytic

Normochromic

38
Q

What does a vitamin B 12 deficiency mimic in cattle?

A

Cobalt deficiency

Rare

39
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Inadequate production of red blood cells due to inhibition or destruction of red bone marrow

40
Q

What is the cause of a plastic anemia?

A
  • radiation
  • toxins
  • medications
  • chloramphenicol (antibiotics)
41
Q

What is autoimmune hemolytic anemia also known as?

A

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia

42
Q

What is autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A
  • Due to accelerated red blood cell destruction

- body produces antibodies against antigens on red blood cell surfaces

43
Q

What happens when the body produces antibodies against red blood cells?

A

Antibodies coat red blood cell surfaces and the red blood cells are removed from circulation permanently

44
Q

When does autoimmune hemolytic anemia occur?

A

May occur as primary disease or may be associated with other diseases

  • bacterial
  • viral
  • Rickettsia
45
Q

What are the clinical signs of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A
  • anemia
  • hemolysis
  • thrombocytopenia

Low number of RBC in circulation

46
Q

What is the most common cause of regenerative anemia in dogs?

A

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

47
Q

What are commonly seen on RBC in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A

Spherocytes

48
Q

What is Rouleaux?

A

Grouping of red blood cells resembling a stack of coins

49
Q

What does the degree of rouleaux indicate?

A
  • Tends to parallel increased fibrinogen levels

- increased serum globulin levels

50
Q

In what species is rouleaux common?

A

Horses and dogs

51
Q

When is rouleaux exaggerated?

A

During inflammatory or neoplastic disease

52
Q

In what species is rouleaux rare?

A

Ruminants

53
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Aggregation of RBC

54
Q

What is aggregation?

A

Forming a cluster

55
Q

What causes aggregation to occur?

A

Sometimes in antibody mediated anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA)

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)

56
Q

How can agglutination be differentiated from rouleaux?

A

By diluting the blood sample 1:1 with saline and examining it under a microscope

57
Q

What is polychromasia?

A
  • Variation in color
  • bluish cytoplasm (residual RNA)
  • large polychromatophils (RBC)
58
Q

What is hypochromasia?

A
  • Decreased staining intensity

- increased central pallor

59
Q

What causes hypochromasia?

A

Insufficient hemoglobin

Iron deficiency

60
Q

What are poikilocytes?

A

Abnormally shaped red blood cells

61
Q

Where are poikilocytes seen?

A

In diseases characterized by red blood cell fragmentation or increased fragility

62
Q

What kind of problems do poikilocytes indicate?

A

Liver
Kidney
Spleen
Vessel problems

63
Q

What kind of cell is a leptocyte?

A

Poikilocyte

64
Q

What are leptocytes?

A

Thin cells with increased membrane and decreased hemoglobin volume

Hypochromic

65
Q

What do leptocytes look like?

A

Easily distorted

Folded

66
Q

What kind of anemia has leptocytes?

A

Non-regenerative anemia

67
Q

What are the most common types of leptocytes?

A
  1. Target cells

2. Folded cells

68
Q

What are target cells?

A

Red blood cells with a round central area of hemoglobin surrounded by a clear zone with a dense ring of hemoglobin around the edge

Looks like a target

69
Q

What is another name for target cells?

A

Codocyte

70
Q

What is the normal number for target cells seen in the blood stream?

A

Small numbers are normal

71
Q

What do target cells signify?

A

Iron deficiency

Hepatocyte insufficiency

72
Q

What do folded cells look like?

A

Raised folds extending across the center

73
Q

What are folded cells also called?

A

Knizocyte

74
Q

What are spherocytes?

A

small dark RBC lacking central pallor

75
Q

What causes spherocytes?

A

reduction of membrane of the cell

76
Q

When are spherocytes seen?

A
  • AIHA (autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • Zinc toxicity
  • following transfusions
77
Q

What does the body do to spherocytes?

A

removed from circulation permanently

78
Q

What are stomatocytes?

A

cup shaped RBC
looks like a mouth
oval shaped central pallor

79
Q

When are stomatocytes seen?

A

certain liver diseases

- artifact in thick blood smears

80
Q

What animal has hereditary stomatocytosis?

A

Alaskan Malamute (dog)

81
Q

What are ancanthocytes?

A
  • spur cells

- irregularly spiculated RBC with 2-10 blunt projections

82
Q

When are ancanthocytes seen?

A
  • sometimes seen in severe liver disease

- increased blood cholesterol

83
Q

What causes ancanthocytes?

A
  1. Hemangiosarcoma
  2. DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)
  3. Glomerulonephritis
84
Q

What type of cell is a schistocyte?

A

poikilocyte

85
Q

What is a schistocyte?

A

irregularly shaped fragments of RBC

86
Q

What is it called when schistocytes are sheared into pieces?

A

helmet cells

87
Q

What do schistocyte cause?

A

Microangiopathy

88
Q

What is microangiopathy?

A
  • partial occlusion of vessels

- cells forced through an opening that is too small and are broken apart

89
Q

What are echinocytes?

A

lab made cells

from lab error

90
Q

What do echninocyte cells look like?

A

crenated

spiculated

91
Q

When are echninocytes seen as an artifact?

A
  • increased EDTA
  • improper smear prep
  • prolonged sample storage

Microbiology and Hematology (20 decks)

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