Hematology: Erythrocyte Abnormalities Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is anemia?

A

condition characterized by decreased RBC number or decreased PCV or decreased hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of anemia?

A
  1. body can’t function properly with low O2
  2. decreased exercise tolerance
  3. lethargy
  4. depression
  5. pale mucous membranes
  6. increased heart rate
  7. respiration rates increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the blood go during anemia?

A

blood goes from the surface to deep organs such as the brain and heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is it important to properly identify an anemia?

A

so you can treat it properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are anemias evaluated and classified?

A
  • RBC morphology
  • disease symptoms
  • bone marrow response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the mathematical computations that help classification?

A

indices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is MCV?

A

cell size

  • cytic
  • macrocytic
  • microcytic
  • normocytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is MCHC?

A

stain intensity or color

  • chromo
  • normochromic
  • hypochromic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is MCH?

A
  • no practical value

- lab quality control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can’t indices tell you?

A

disease process in anemias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is morphologic classification confirmed?

A

microscopic examination during the differential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is morphological classification helpful?

A

limits the possible causes and forms foundation for consideration and selection of treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are anemias separated into?

A
  1. regenerative

2. non-regenerative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the different anemias based off of?

A

based on bone marrow response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is regenerative anemia?

A

erythropoiesis is taking place and bone marrow is responding to anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does increased erythropoiesis lead to?

A

increased immature RBC in circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is a regenerative anemia characterized?

A
  • reticulocytosis and increased polychromasia

- anisocytosis and erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ability for bone marrow to respond indicates cause is either _____ or ______ .

A
  1. hemorrhagic

2. hemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many days does it take for a regenerative response to be seen in the blood stream?

A

2-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is non-regenerative anemia?

A

the body does not respond to the anemia

- bone marrow is unable to respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is polychomasia and reticulocytosis present in non-regenerative anemia?

A

no, it is absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The cause of non-regenerative anemia could be what?

A
  • a bone marrow disorder
  • decreased erythropoietin
  • ineffective RBC production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most common cause of non-regenerative anemia in cats?

A

FeLV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nucleated RBC do not give indication of regenerative response if there is no what?

A

reticulocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What could be the cause of a bone marrow disease?

A
  1. FIV
  2. cancer
  3. viral infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the different types of anemia?

A
  1. Hemorrhagic
  2. Iron deficiency
  3. Vitamin B 12 or folic acid deficiency
  4. Aplastic anemia
  5. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is hemorrhagic anemia?

A

Results from loss of substantial quantities of blood and decreases red blood cell numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How long does it take someone to recover from hemorrhagic anemia?

A

May take 1-2 weeks to recover by erythropoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

During hemorrhagic anemia recovery what can the cells look like?

A

Macro (big)

Hypo (color)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When are macrocytic and hypochromic cells seen during hemorrhagic anemia?

A

Transitory condition indicating remission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is iron deficiency anemia?

A

Excessive loss, deficient intake, or poor absorption of iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do red blood cells look like during iron deficiency anemia?

A

Microcytic

Hypochromic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens to red blood cells that are iron deficient?

A

Contain less hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the early signs of iron deficiency?

A

Microcytic
Normochromic

  • normal in Akitas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is vitamin B 12 or folic acid deficiency anemia?

A

Inability to absorb adequate amounts of vitamin B 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does a vitamin B 12 or folic acid deficiency affect red blood cell production?

A
  • Produces small numbers of red blood cells
  • larger than normal and more fragile
  • erythropoiesis disrupted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do red blood cells look like with vitamin B 12 deficiency?

A

Macrocytic

Normochromic

38
Q

What does a vitamin B 12 deficiency mimic in cattle?

A

Cobalt deficiency

Rare

39
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Inadequate production of red blood cells due to inhibition or destruction of red bone marrow

40
Q

What is the cause of a plastic anemia?

A
  • radiation
  • toxins
  • medications
  • chloramphenicol (antibiotics)
41
Q

What is autoimmune hemolytic anemia also known as?

A

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia

42
Q

What is autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A
  • Due to accelerated red blood cell destruction

- body produces antibodies against antigens on red blood cell surfaces

43
Q

What happens when the body produces antibodies against red blood cells?

A

Antibodies coat red blood cell surfaces and the red blood cells are removed from circulation permanently

44
Q

When does autoimmune hemolytic anemia occur?

A

May occur as primary disease or may be associated with other diseases

  • bacterial
  • viral
  • Rickettsia
45
Q

What are the clinical signs of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A
  • anemia
  • hemolysis
  • thrombocytopenia

Low number of RBC in circulation

46
Q

What is the most common cause of regenerative anemia in dogs?

A

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

47
Q

What are commonly seen on RBC in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A

Spherocytes

48
Q

What is Rouleaux?

A

Grouping of red blood cells resembling a stack of coins

49
Q

What does the degree of rouleaux indicate?

A
  • Tends to parallel increased fibrinogen levels

- increased serum globulin levels

50
Q

In what species is rouleaux common?

A

Horses and dogs

51
Q

When is rouleaux exaggerated?

A

During inflammatory or neoplastic disease

52
Q

In what species is rouleaux rare?

A

Ruminants

53
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Aggregation of RBC

54
Q

What is aggregation?

A

Forming a cluster

55
Q

What causes aggregation to occur?

A

Sometimes in antibody mediated anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA)

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)

56
Q

How can agglutination be differentiated from rouleaux?

A

By diluting the blood sample 1:1 with saline and examining it under a microscope

57
Q

What is polychromasia?

A
  • Variation in color
  • bluish cytoplasm (residual RNA)
  • large polychromatophils (RBC)
58
Q

What is hypochromasia?

A
  • Decreased staining intensity

- increased central pallor

59
Q

What causes hypochromasia?

A

Insufficient hemoglobin

Iron deficiency

60
Q

What are poikilocytes?

A

Abnormally shaped red blood cells

61
Q

Where are poikilocytes seen?

A

In diseases characterized by red blood cell fragmentation or increased fragility

62
Q

What kind of problems do poikilocytes indicate?

A

Liver
Kidney
Spleen
Vessel problems

63
Q

What kind of cell is a leptocyte?

A

Poikilocyte

64
Q

What are leptocytes?

A

Thin cells with increased membrane and decreased hemoglobin volume

Hypochromic

65
Q

What do leptocytes look like?

A

Easily distorted

Folded

66
Q

What kind of anemia has leptocytes?

A

Non-regenerative anemia

67
Q

What are the most common types of leptocytes?

A
  1. Target cells

2. Folded cells

68
Q

What are target cells?

A

Red blood cells with a round central area of hemoglobin surrounded by a clear zone with a dense ring of hemoglobin around the edge

Looks like a target

69
Q

What is another name for target cells?

A

Codocyte

70
Q

What is the normal number for target cells seen in the blood stream?

A

Small numbers are normal

71
Q

What do target cells signify?

A

Iron deficiency

Hepatocyte insufficiency

72
Q

What do folded cells look like?

A

Raised folds extending across the center

73
Q

What are folded cells also called?

A

Knizocyte

74
Q

What are spherocytes?

A

small dark RBC lacking central pallor

75
Q

What causes spherocytes?

A

reduction of membrane of the cell

76
Q

When are spherocytes seen?

A
  • AIHA (autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • Zinc toxicity
  • following transfusions
77
Q

What does the body do to spherocytes?

A

removed from circulation permanently

78
Q

What are stomatocytes?

A

cup shaped RBC
looks like a mouth
oval shaped central pallor

79
Q

When are stomatocytes seen?

A

certain liver diseases

- artifact in thick blood smears

80
Q

What animal has hereditary stomatocytosis?

A

Alaskan Malamute (dog)

81
Q

What are ancanthocytes?

A
  • spur cells

- irregularly spiculated RBC with 2-10 blunt projections

82
Q

When are ancanthocytes seen?

A
  • sometimes seen in severe liver disease

- increased blood cholesterol

83
Q

What causes ancanthocytes?

A
  1. Hemangiosarcoma
  2. DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)
  3. Glomerulonephritis
84
Q

What type of cell is a schistocyte?

A

poikilocyte

85
Q

What is a schistocyte?

A

irregularly shaped fragments of RBC

86
Q

What is it called when schistocytes are sheared into pieces?

A

helmet cells

87
Q

What do schistocyte cause?

A

Microangiopathy

88
Q

What is microangiopathy?

A
  • partial occlusion of vessels

- cells forced through an opening that is too small and are broken apart

89
Q

What are echinocytes?

A

lab made cells

from lab error

90
Q

What do echninocyte cells look like?

A

crenated

spiculated

91
Q

When are echninocytes seen as an artifact?

A
  • increased EDTA
  • improper smear prep
  • prolonged sample storage