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Microbiology and Hematology > Hematology: Leukocyte Abnormals > Flashcards

Hematology: Leukocyte Abnormals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is it called when there is an increase of Neutrophils?

A

neutrophilia

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2
Q

What are the different things that can increase neutrophils levels?

A
  1. Physiologic - body controlled
  2. Stress
  3. Inflammation
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3
Q

What are the physiologic body controls for an increase in neutrophils?

A
  1. Transient: short period of time

2. No significant left shift

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4
Q

What physiologic response happens in a transient or short amount of time?

A
  • adrenaline rush (epinephrine)

- mobilization of the Marginal Neutrophil Pool

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5
Q

What is the Marginal Neutrophil Pool (MNP)?

A
  • reserve of neutrophils
  • slow, stick to the vessel walls
  • not detected in routine WBC count
  • can enter circulation in response to stimuli
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6
Q

What is a left shift?

A
  • increased number of band neutrophils

- >300 bands per microliter

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7
Q

What kind of stress increases neutrophil levels?

A
  • pain
  • anesthesia
  • trauma
  • surgery
  • medicine (corticosteroids)
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8
Q

How do steroids increase neutrophil levels?

A
  • increases neutrophil transit time

- decreases neutrophil movement into tissues

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9
Q

During stress, there is no significant _____ shift in neutrophils.

A

left

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10
Q

What species responds to stress with increasing numbers of neutrophils?

A

Canine

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11
Q

How does inflammation increase neutrophil levels?

A
  • due to tissue demand for phagocytes
  • localized purulent diseases: pyometra, pyothorax
  • left shift common ( increase in bands)
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12
Q

What causes a decrease in neutrophils?

A
  1. excessive usage

2. decreased production

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13
Q

What is it called when neutrophil numbers decrease?

A

Neutropenia

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14
Q

What causes an excessive usage of neutrophils?

A
  • due to overwhelming tissue demand for phagocytes
  • bacterial infections
  • neutrophil movement into tissues is greater than the number being produced by the bone marrow
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15
Q

What causes a decrease in production of neutrophils?

A
  • decreased bone marrow production due to infectious agents
  • parvovirus
  • feline panleukopenia
  • distemper
  • FeLV
  • Chemical toxicities
  • genetic disorders
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16
Q

What are the chemical toxicities that can cause a decrease in neutrophil production?

A
  • chemotherapy

- estrogen

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17
Q

What causes toxic changes in neutrophils?

A
  • toxemia

- severe bacterial infections and/or inflammation

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18
Q

How can a severe bacterial infection or inflammation caused toxic changes the neutrophils?

A

May disturb neutrophil maturation and cause cytoplasmic changes

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19
Q

What are Doëhle Bodies?

A

Blue gray cytoplasmic inclusions

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20
Q

What will neutrophils look like after toxic changes?

A
  • cytoplasmic vacuoles: foamy
  • diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia: Blue cytoplasm
  • increased cell size
  • toxic granulation: purple cytoplasmic granules
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21
Q

What animals can have toxic granulation of neutrophils?

A
  • horses
  • dogs
  • cats
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22
Q

What is an increase of lymphocytes called?

A

Lymphocytosis

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23
Q

What are the physiological responses to lymphocytosis?

A

– Transient response induced by release of epinephrine
– Often seen in cats, occasionally and dogs
– Due to fear or excitement

24
Q

What can cause Lymphocytosis?

A
  1. Chronic infections

2. Lymphosarcoma

25
Q

What do not necessarily correlate with Lymphocytosis?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes

26
Q

What is a decrease in lymphocytes called?

A

Lymphopenia

27
Q

What can cause a decrease in lymphocytes?

A
  1. Stress or corticosteroid
  2. Loss of lymph
  3. Immunodeficiency diseases
  4. Impaired lymphopoiesis
28
Q

What type of stress or corticosteroids decreases lymphocytes?

A
  • pain
  • debilitating diseases or stressful disorders
  • steroid therapy
29
Q

How long does it take for steroid therapy to cause maximal decrease of lymphocytes?

A

2 to 4 hours

30
Q

How long does it take lymphocyte levels to return to baseline after steroid therapy?

A

24 hours

2-3 days if long-term steroid therapy

31
Q

What causes loss of lymph?

A

Ruptured or damaged lymph ducts

32
Q

What are the immunodeficiency diseases that can be caused by lymphopenia?

A
  • FeLV
  • FIV
  • congenital T-cell immunodeficiencies
33
Q

What species can have a genetic disorder that prevents them from making lymphs?

A

Arabian horses

34
Q

What causes impaired lymphopoiesis?

A
  • cancer, chemotherapy

- prolonged steroid treatment, irradiation

35
Q

What is the most common finding in animal Leukograms?

A

Lymphopenia

36
Q

What can happen if a dog or cat is diagnosed with absolute lymphopenia?

A

1/3 of all dogs and half of all cats die

37
Q

What is an increase in monocytes called?

A

Monocytosis

38
Q

What causes an increase in monocytes?

A
  • corticosteroid or stress induced

- tissue demand

39
Q

What is monocytosis caused by corticosteroids or stress also seen with?

A
  • neutrophilia (no left shift)
  • Lymphopenia
  • eosinopenia
40
Q

Monocytosis is seen in what animals?

A

Common in dogs

Occasionally seen in cats

41
Q

What kind of tissue demand causes monocytosis?

A
  • tissue demand for phagocytosis of large particulate debris and conditions of increased cellular immunity
  • purulent infections
42
Q

What are the purulent infections that cause monocytosis?

A
  • Pyometra
  • necrosis
  • internal hemorrhage
  • hemolytic disease
43
Q

What is a decrease in monocytes called?

A

Monocytopenia

44
Q

Is monocytopenia useful?

A

Not clinically useful

45
Q

What is it called when there is an increase of eosinophils?

A

eosinophilia

46
Q

What causes eosinophils to increase in number?

A
  1. Antigen-Antibody interaction in the tissues

2. Parasite infections

47
Q

What is tricky about figuring out the cause of an increased number of eosinophils?

A

the stimuli that causes the increases are not precisely defined

48
Q

What is a decrease of eosinophils called?

A

eosinopenia

49
Q

What causes a decrease in eosinophils?

A

corticosteroids

50
Q

How long does it take for corticosteroids to decrease the number of eosinophils after administration?

A

2-3

51
Q

How long after a steroid treatment does it take eosinophil levels to get back to normal?

A

24 hours
72 hours for long term
shows up as part of the stress leukogram

52
Q

What is an increase of basophils called?

A

basophilia

53
Q

What causes an increase in basophils?

A
  1. may accompany hyperlipemia (fat)

2. Concurrent with eosinophilia during disorders of long standing antibody stimulation (chronic dirofilariasis)

54
Q

What is a decrease in basophils called and is it useful?

A
  • basopenia

- not clinically useful

55
Q

What species is an increase in neutrophils common?

A

Feline

Microbiology and Hematology (20 decks)

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