Hematology: Leukocyte Abnormals

Question 1

What is it called when there is an increase of Neutrophils?

Answer 1

neutrophilia

Question 2

What are the different things that can increase neutrophils levels?

Answer 2

1. Physiologic - body controlled
2. Stress
3. Inflammation

Question 3

What are the physiologic body controls for an increase in neutrophils?

Answer 3

1. Transient: short period of time

2. No significant left shift

Question 4

What physiologic response happens in a transient or short amount of time?

Answer 4

• adrenaline rush (epinephrine)

- mobilization of the Marginal Neutrophil Pool

Question 5

What is the Marginal Neutrophil Pool (MNP)?

Answer 5

• reserve of neutrophils
• slow, stick to the vessel walls
• not detected in routine WBC count
• can enter circulation in response to stimuli

Question 6

What is a left shift?

Answer 6

• increased number of band neutrophils

- >300 bands per microliter

Question 7

What kind of stress increases neutrophil levels?

Answer 7

• pain
• anesthesia
• trauma
• surgery
• medicine (corticosteroids)

Question 8

How do steroids increase neutrophil levels?

Answer 8

• increases neutrophil transit time

- decreases neutrophil movement into tissues

Question 9

During stress, there is no significant _____ shift in neutrophils.

Answer 9

left

Question 10

What species responds to stress with increasing numbers of neutrophils?

Answer 10

Canine

Question 11

How does inflammation increase neutrophil levels?

Answer 11

• due to tissue demand for phagocytes
• localized purulent diseases: pyometra, pyothorax
• left shift common ( increase in bands)

Question 12

What causes a decrease in neutrophils?

Answer 12

1. excessive usage

2. decreased production

Question 13

What is it called when neutrophil numbers decrease?

Answer 13

Neutropenia

Question 14

What causes an excessive usage of neutrophils?

Answer 14

• due to overwhelming tissue demand for phagocytes
• bacterial infections
• neutrophil movement into tissues is greater than the number being produced by the bone marrow

Question 15

What causes a decrease in production of neutrophils?

Answer 15

• decreased bone marrow production due to infectious agents
• parvovirus
• feline panleukopenia
• distemper
• FeLV
• Chemical toxicities
• genetic disorders

Question 16

What are the chemical toxicities that can cause a decrease in neutrophil production?

Answer 16

• chemotherapy

- estrogen

Question 17

What causes toxic changes in neutrophils?

Answer 17

• toxemia

- severe bacterial infections and/or inflammation

Question 18

How can a severe bacterial infection or inflammation caused toxic changes the neutrophils?

Answer 18

May disturb neutrophil maturation and cause cytoplasmic changes

Question 19

What are Doëhle Bodies?

Answer 19

Blue gray cytoplasmic inclusions

Question 20

What will neutrophils look like after toxic changes?

Answer 20

• cytoplasmic vacuoles: foamy
• diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia: Blue cytoplasm
• increased cell size
• toxic granulation: purple cytoplasmic granules

Question 21

What animals can have toxic granulation of neutrophils?

Answer 21

• horses
• dogs
• cats

Question 22

What is an increase of lymphocytes called?

Answer 22

Lymphocytosis

Question 23

What are the physiological responses to lymphocytosis?

Answer 23

– Transient response induced by release of epinephrine
– Often seen in cats, occasionally and dogs
– Due to fear or excitement

Question 24

What can cause Lymphocytosis?

Answer 24

1. Chronic infections

2. Lymphosarcoma

Question 25

What do not necessarily correlate with Lymphocytosis?

Answer 25

Enlarged lymph nodes

Question 26

What is a decrease in lymphocytes called?

Answer 26

Lymphopenia

Question 27

What can cause a decrease in lymphocytes?

Answer 27

1. Stress or corticosteroid 2. Loss of lymph 3. Immunodeficiency diseases 4. Impaired lymphopoiesis

Question 28

What type of stress or corticosteroids decreases lymphocytes?

Answer 28

- pain - debilitating diseases or stressful disorders - steroid therapy

Question 29

How long does it take for steroid therapy to cause maximal decrease of lymphocytes?

Answer 29

2 to 4 hours

Question 30

How long does it take lymphocyte levels to return to baseline after steroid therapy?

Answer 30

24 hours 2-3 days if long-term steroid therapy

Question 31

What causes loss of lymph?

Answer 31

Ruptured or damaged lymph ducts

Question 32

What are the immunodeficiency diseases that can be caused by lymphopenia?

Answer 32

- FeLV - FIV - congenital T-cell immunodeficiencies

Question 33

What species can have a genetic disorder that prevents them from making lymphs?

Answer 33

Arabian horses

Question 34

What causes impaired lymphopoiesis?

Answer 34

- cancer, chemotherapy | - prolonged steroid treatment, irradiation

Question 35

What is the most common finding in animal Leukograms?

Answer 35

Lymphopenia

Question 36

What can happen if a dog or cat is diagnosed with absolute lymphopenia?

Answer 36

1/3 of all dogs and half of all cats die

Question 37

What is an increase in monocytes called?

Answer 37

Monocytosis

Question 38

What causes an increase in monocytes?

Answer 38

- corticosteroid or stress induced | - tissue demand

Question 39

What is monocytosis caused by corticosteroids or stress also seen with?

Answer 39

- neutrophilia (no left shift) - Lymphopenia - eosinopenia

Question 40

Monocytosis is seen in what animals?

Answer 40

Common in dogs Occasionally seen in cats

Question 41

What kind of tissue demand causes monocytosis?

Answer 41

- tissue demand for phagocytosis of large particulate debris and conditions of increased cellular immunity - purulent infections

Question 42

What are the purulent infections that cause monocytosis?

Answer 42

- Pyometra - necrosis - internal hemorrhage - hemolytic disease

Question 43

What is a decrease in monocytes called?

Answer 43

Monocytopenia

Question 44

Is monocytopenia useful?

Answer 44

Not clinically useful

Question 45

What is it called when there is an increase of eosinophils?

Answer 45

eosinophilia

Question 46

What causes eosinophils to increase in number?

Answer 46

1. Antigen-Antibody interaction in the tissues | 2. Parasite infections

Question 47

What is tricky about figuring out the cause of an increased number of eosinophils?

Answer 47

the stimuli that causes the increases are not precisely defined

Question 48

What is a decrease of eosinophils called?

Answer 48

eosinopenia

Question 49

What causes a decrease in eosinophils?

Answer 49

corticosteroids

Question 50

How long does it take for corticosteroids to decrease the number of eosinophils after administration?

Answer 50

2-3

Question 51

How long after a steroid treatment does it take eosinophil levels to get back to normal?

Answer 51

24 hours 72 hours for long term shows up as part of the stress leukogram

Question 52

What is an increase of basophils called?

Answer 52

basophilia

Question 53

What causes an increase in basophils?

Answer 53

1. may accompany hyperlipemia (fat) | 2. Concurrent with eosinophilia during disorders of long standing antibody stimulation (chronic dirofilariasis)

Question 54

What is a decrease in basophils called and is it useful?

Answer 54

- basopenia | - not clinically useful

Question 55

What species is an increase in neutrophils common?

Answer 55

Feline