Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology and Hematology > Microbiology: Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Microbiology: Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What is chemotherapeutics?

A

Chemical agent used in the body for therapeutic purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different chemotherapeutics?

A
  1. Antibiotics

2. Synthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definition of antibiotic

A
  • Greek for against life

- antimicrobial agents that are natural products of microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Definition of synthetic

A

Lab made, not a living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich discover?

What year?

A

Certain dyes had antimicrobial effects
- Trypan Red

1904

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What dye was discovered to be able to kill the trypanosome that causes African sleeping sickness?

A

Trypan red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is arsphenamine?

What year?

A
  • Salvarsan
  • arsenic compound affective against syphilis
  • 1910
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did Gerhard Domagk discover and in what year?

A

Discovered that the dye Prontosil red was effective against staph and strep and other G (+) organisms

1935

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who was the first human trial for killing G (+) organisms with prontosil red done on?

A

Gerhard’s daughter Hildegarde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who were Jacques and Therese Trefovel and what did they discover?

A

French scientists who found that prontosil red broke down to sulfanilamide in the body which lead to the creation of the first sulfa drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When was Domagk awarded the Nobel prize?

A

1938

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are sulfonamides?

A

Bacteriostatic drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do sulfonamides interfere with in bacteria cells?

A

folic acid synthesis by mimicking a key ingredient (PABA) which causes the cell to make bad folic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is folic acid important?

A

necessary for synthesis of nucleic acid (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the benefits of using sulfonamides?

A
  • cheap
  • chemically stable
  • used against G(+) bacteria
  • used for UTI G(-) rods
  • used against tuberculosis
  • reduces the risk of infection in kidney transplants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the downsides to using sulfonamides?

A
  • many resistant organisms
  • drug allergies
  • accumulates in kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are sulfonamides used in combination with?

A

trimethoprim (Bactrim)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the combination of sulfonamides and trimethoprim used against?

A
  • shigella

- pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When was penicillin first discovered?

A

1896

was then forgotten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who was able to isolate penicillin and in what year?

A
  • Alexander Fleming

- 1928

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why did Alexander Fleming drop his research on penicillin and when?

A
  • he thought it would break down too fast in the body

- dropped research in 1931

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When was research picked up again on penicillin and when did it go to human trials?

A

1939

- carried to the US in the lining of a coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When were hundreds of thousands of bacteria and fungi screened and why?

A
  • 1940-1950

- many new sources of antibiotics were found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When was penicillin mass produced?

A

1940s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What was penicillin used for and what happened?
- used on everything | - lots of penicillin resistant organisms
26
How does penicillin work and against what organisms?
- interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis - cell wall leaks, cell dies - effective against G(+)
27
What are semi-synthetic penicillins?
chemically modified to increase spectrum of activity, solubility, and avoid allergic reactions
28
What is amoxicillin?
1. acid stable, doesn't bind with food | 2. excreted in urine - useful for UTI
29
What are the benefits of penicillin?
- cheapest - available world wide - few side effects - antibiotic of first choice
30
What are cephalosporins?
derived from the fungus cephalosporium acremonium
31
What is first generation cephalosporin?
- effective against G(+), some G(-) rods - cephalexin (Keflex) - cephalonthin (Keflin)
32
What is second generation cephalosporin?
- G(+), G(-) rods (broad spectrum) - cefaclor - cefoxitin
33
What is third generation cephalosporin?
- G(-) rods (pseudomonas) - central nervous system disease - cefotaxime (Claforan) - this generation is not used right away
34
What are cephalosporins alternatives to?
penicillin
35
What are the aminoglycosides?
1. streptomycin 2. gentamycin 3. spectinomycin 4. Neomycin
36
When were streptomycin first discovered?
1944
37
What does streptomycin come from?
- Streptomyces griseus | - mold-like bacteria common in soil
38
What do over 1/2 of the known antibiotics originate from?
Streptomyces
39
What are streptomycins effective against?
- bacteria - broad spectrum - including mycobacterium
40
What was the first anti-tuberculosis drug?
streptomycin
41
How does streptomycin effect bacteria?
interfering with prokaryotic protein synthesis
42
How does streptomycin affect the body?
- causes kidney damage | - hearing loss
43
What must be done if a patient is put on streptomycin?
requires blood level monitoring for safety of patient
44
What is gentamycin used against?
- Proteus - E. Coli - Klebsiella - serratia - pseudomonas (Gram (-) rods)
45
What is spectinomycin used against?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
46
How is spectinomycin administered?
IM
47
What is neomycin used against?
bacterial conjunctivitis (pink eye)
48
What is neomycin used in combination with and what does it make?
polymyxin B and Bacitracin = Neosporin
49
Why did the usage of aminoglycosides decline?
due to second and third generation cephalosporins and fluroquinolones
50
What is tetracycline originally from?
Streptomyces sp.
51
What are the natural tetracyclines?
1. chlortetracycline | 2. oxytetracycline
52
What are the synthetic tetracyclines?
1. tetracycline | 2. doxycycline
53
How does tetracycline work?
- broad spectrum - bacteriostatic - interferes with protein synthesis
54
What does tetracycline do to the body?
- can cause liver and kidney damage | - yellowing of permanent teeth
55
What does chloramphenicol originate from?
Streptomyces sp.
56
What form of chloramphenicol is now used?
synthetic
57
How does chloramphenicol work?
- bacteriostatic - disrupts protein synthesis - first broad spectrum antibiotic
58
How is chloramphenicol toxic to the body?
- allergic reactions - depressed bone marrow - causes aplastic anemia
59
When is chloramphenicol used?
in life threatening situations such as typhoid fever and meningitis
60
What are fluroquinolones used against?
- chlamydiae - streptococcus aureus - streptococcus pyogenes
61
How does fluroquinolones work against bacteria?
- bacteriocidal | - inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis
62
Examples of fluroquinolones
1. ciprofloxacin (cipro) | 2. enrofloxacine (Baytril)
63
What animals do vets use fluroquinolones on most?
exotics
64
What are the 2 types of macrolides?
1. Erythromycin | 2. Clindamycin, Lincomycin
65
What are erythromycin used against?
- G(+) and some G(-) - mycobacteria - whooping cough - diphtheria - campylobacteria - legionnaire's disease
66
How dose erythromycin work against bacteria?
- bacteriostatic | - disrupts protein synthesis
67
What is clindamycin and lincomycin used against?
- staphylococcus - anaerobes - chlamydia
68
When are clindamycin and lincomycin used?
in penicillin resistant cases
69
What are the side effects of clindamycin and lincomycin?
clostridial overgrowth in intestines
70
Why is it tough to kill fungi without toxicity to the host?
Both are eukaryotes
71
What do you use for a localized skin fungi?
Imidazoles
72
What are the different miconazoles?
1. Micatin | 2. Monistat
73
What is Micatin used for?
Athletes foot
74
What is Monistat used for?
Yeast
75
What are the different topicals used to treat localized skin fungi?
1. Miconazole 2. Ketoconazol 3. Tolnaftate (tinactin) 4. Clotrimaxole (Gyne-lotrimin)
76
What do anti-fungal topicals work against?
- athletes foot - candidiasis (yeast) - ringworm
77
What is the oral antifungal used to get rid of a chronic skin infection?
Griseofulvin
78
How easy is it to control a systemic fungal infection?
Very hard to control | Often fatal
79
What is used to try and control systemic fungal infection?
1. Amphotericin B | 2. Fluconazole
80
How does Amphotericin B effect fungi?
Disrupts RNA synthesis
81
How does Amphotericin B affect the body?
Causes rashes, anemia, liver damage
82
What is fluconazole used for?
- yeast | - fungal meningitis
83
What forms does the antifungal nystatin come in and what is it used for?
- topical - cream - suppository - used for yeast infections
84
How many antivirals are actually effective?
Very few
85
Why are antivirals mostly ineffective?
Viruses do not have their own metabolism
86
How can antivirals be effective?
Finding something that will attack a virus-specific enzyme
87
What are the different antivirals?
1. Amantadine 2. Acyclovir 3. Azidothymidine (AZT) 4. Interferons
88
What does Amantadine do?
- reduces influenza spread | - blocks penetration and uncoating of viral particles
89
What does acyclovir do?
inhibits viral DNA polymerase
90
What does acyclovir work against?
- herpes | - varicella-zoster virus
91
What is the downside of using acyclovir?
There are many resistant strains
92
What is azidothymidine (AZT) used for?
- retroviruses | - HIV
93
How does azidothymidine work against viruses?
Interferes with reverse transcriptidase
94
What is the benefit of using azidothymidine?
Human cells do not have this enzyme- transcriptidase
95
What is the downside of using azidothymidine?
Toxic side effects
96
What are interferons?
Protein produced by cells in response to a viral infection
97
What are interferons use against?
- influenza - hepatitis - herpes - colds - genital warts
98
What are the benefits of using interferons?
Low toxicity
99
Downside of using interferons
Expensive
100
Besides monocytes how are interferons produced?
Genetic engineering allows for lab made interferons

Microbiology and Hematology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions