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Microbiology and Hematology > Microbiology: Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Microbiology: Antimicrobials Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is chemotherapeutics?

A

Chemical agent used in the body for therapeutic purposes

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2
Q

What are the different chemotherapeutics?

A
  1. Antibiotics

2. Synthetics

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3
Q

Definition of antibiotic

A
  • Greek for against life

- antimicrobial agents that are natural products of microorganisms

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4
Q

Definition of synthetic

A

Lab made, not a living organism

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5
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich discover?

What year?

A

Certain dyes had antimicrobial effects
- Trypan Red

1904

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6
Q

What dye was discovered to be able to kill the trypanosome that causes African sleeping sickness?

A

Trypan red

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7
Q

What is arsphenamine?

What year?

A
  • Salvarsan
  • arsenic compound affective against syphilis
  • 1910
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8
Q

What did Gerhard Domagk discover and in what year?

A

Discovered that the dye Prontosil red was effective against staph and strep and other G (+) organisms

1935

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9
Q

Who was the first human trial for killing G (+) organisms with prontosil red done on?

A

Gerhard’s daughter Hildegarde

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10
Q

Who were Jacques and Therese Trefovel and what did they discover?

A

French scientists who found that prontosil red broke down to sulfanilamide in the body which lead to the creation of the first sulfa drug

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11
Q

When was Domagk awarded the Nobel prize?

A

1938

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12
Q

What are sulfonamides?

A

Bacteriostatic drug

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13
Q

What do sulfonamides interfere with in bacteria cells?

A

folic acid synthesis by mimicking a key ingredient (PABA) which causes the cell to make bad folic acid

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14
Q

Why is folic acid important?

A

necessary for synthesis of nucleic acid (DNA)

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15
Q

What are the benefits of using sulfonamides?

A
  • cheap
  • chemically stable
  • used against G(+) bacteria
  • used for UTI G(-) rods
  • used against tuberculosis
  • reduces the risk of infection in kidney transplants
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16
Q

What are the downsides to using sulfonamides?

A
  • many resistant organisms
  • drug allergies
  • accumulates in kidneys
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17
Q

What are sulfonamides used in combination with?

A

trimethoprim (Bactrim)

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18
Q

What are the combination of sulfonamides and trimethoprim used against?

A
  • shigella

- pseudomonas

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19
Q

When was penicillin first discovered?

A

1896

was then forgotten

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20
Q

Who was able to isolate penicillin and in what year?

A
  • Alexander Fleming

- 1928

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21
Q

Why did Alexander Fleming drop his research on penicillin and when?

A
  • he thought it would break down too fast in the body

- dropped research in 1931

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22
Q

When was research picked up again on penicillin and when did it go to human trials?

A

1939

- carried to the US in the lining of a coat

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23
Q

When were hundreds of thousands of bacteria and fungi screened and why?

A
  • 1940-1950

- many new sources of antibiotics were found

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24
Q

When was penicillin mass produced?

A

1940s

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25
Q

What was penicillin used for and what happened?

A
  • used on everything

- lots of penicillin resistant organisms

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26
Q

How does penicillin work and against what organisms?

A
  • interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis
  • cell wall leaks, cell dies
  • effective against G(+)
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27
Q

What are semi-synthetic penicillins?

A

chemically modified to increase spectrum of activity, solubility, and avoid allergic reactions

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28
Q

What is amoxicillin?

A
  1. acid stable, doesn’t bind with food

2. excreted in urine - useful for UTI

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29
Q

What are the benefits of penicillin?

A
  • cheapest
  • available world wide
  • few side effects
  • antibiotic of first choice
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30
Q

What are cephalosporins?

A

derived from the fungus cephalosporium acremonium

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31
Q

What is first generation cephalosporin?

A
  • effective against G(+), some G(-) rods
  • cephalexin (Keflex)
  • cephalonthin (Keflin)
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32
Q

What is second generation cephalosporin?

A
  • G(+), G(-) rods (broad spectrum)
  • cefaclor
  • cefoxitin
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33
Q

What is third generation cephalosporin?

A
  • G(-) rods (pseudomonas)
  • central nervous system disease
  • cefotaxime (Claforan)
  • this generation is not used right away
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34
Q

What are cephalosporins alternatives to?

A

penicillin

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35
Q

What are the aminoglycosides?

A
  1. streptomycin
  2. gentamycin
  3. spectinomycin
  4. Neomycin
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36
Q

When were streptomycin first discovered?

A

1944

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37
Q

What does streptomycin come from?

A
  • Streptomyces griseus

- mold-like bacteria common in soil

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38
Q

What do over 1/2 of the known antibiotics originate from?

A

Streptomyces

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39
Q

What are streptomycins effective against?

A
  • bacteria
  • broad spectrum
  • including mycobacterium
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40
Q

What was the first anti-tuberculosis drug?

A

streptomycin

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41
Q

How does streptomycin effect bacteria?

A

interfering with prokaryotic protein synthesis

42
Q

How does streptomycin affect the body?

A
  • causes kidney damage

- hearing loss

43
Q

What must be done if a patient is put on streptomycin?

A

requires blood level monitoring for safety of patient

44
Q

What is gentamycin used against?

A
  • Proteus
  • E. Coli
  • Klebsiella
  • serratia
  • pseudomonas
    (Gram (-) rods)
45
Q

What is spectinomycin used against?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

46
Q

How is spectinomycin administered?

A

IM

47
Q

What is neomycin used against?

A

bacterial conjunctivitis (pink eye)

48
Q

What is neomycin used in combination with and what does it make?

A

polymyxin B and Bacitracin = Neosporin

49
Q

Why did the usage of aminoglycosides decline?

A

due to second and third generation cephalosporins and fluroquinolones

50
Q

What is tetracycline originally from?

A

Streptomyces sp.

51
Q

What are the natural tetracyclines?

A
  1. chlortetracycline

2. oxytetracycline

52
Q

What are the synthetic tetracyclines?

A
  1. tetracycline

2. doxycycline

53
Q

How does tetracycline work?

A
  • broad spectrum
  • bacteriostatic
  • interferes with protein synthesis
54
Q

What does tetracycline do to the body?

A
  • can cause liver and kidney damage

- yellowing of permanent teeth

55
Q

What does chloramphenicol originate from?

A

Streptomyces sp.

56
Q

What form of chloramphenicol is now used?

A

synthetic

57
Q

How does chloramphenicol work?

A
  • bacteriostatic
  • disrupts protein synthesis
  • first broad spectrum antibiotic
58
Q

How is chloramphenicol toxic to the body?

A
  • allergic reactions
  • depressed bone marrow
  • causes aplastic anemia
59
Q

When is chloramphenicol used?

A

in life threatening situations such as typhoid fever and meningitis

60
Q

What are fluroquinolones used against?

A
  • chlamydiae
  • streptococcus aureus
  • streptococcus pyogenes
61
Q

How does fluroquinolones work against bacteria?

A
  • bacteriocidal

- inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis

62
Q

Examples of fluroquinolones

A
  1. ciprofloxacin (cipro)

2. enrofloxacine (Baytril)

63
Q

What animals do vets use fluroquinolones on most?

A

exotics

64
Q

What are the 2 types of macrolides?

A
  1. Erythromycin

2. Clindamycin, Lincomycin

65
Q

What are erythromycin used against?

A
  • G(+) and some G(-)
  • mycobacteria
  • whooping cough
  • diphtheria
  • campylobacteria
  • legionnaire’s disease
66
Q

How dose erythromycin work against bacteria?

A
  • bacteriostatic

- disrupts protein synthesis

67
Q

What is clindamycin and lincomycin used against?

A
  • staphylococcus
  • anaerobes
  • chlamydia
68
Q

When are clindamycin and lincomycin used?

A

in penicillin resistant cases

69
Q

What are the side effects of clindamycin and lincomycin?

A

clostridial overgrowth in intestines

70
Q

Why is it tough to kill fungi without toxicity to the host?

A

Both are eukaryotes

71
Q

What do you use for a localized skin fungi?

A

Imidazoles

72
Q

What are the different miconazoles?

A
  1. Micatin

2. Monistat

73
Q

What is Micatin used for?

A

Athletes foot

74
Q

What is Monistat used for?

A

Yeast

75
Q

What are the different topicals used to treat localized skin fungi?

A
  1. Miconazole
  2. Ketoconazol
  3. Tolnaftate (tinactin)
  4. Clotrimaxole (Gyne-lotrimin)
76
Q

What do anti-fungal topicals work against?

A
  • athletes foot
  • candidiasis (yeast)
  • ringworm
77
Q

What is the oral antifungal used to get rid of a chronic skin infection?

A

Griseofulvin

78
Q

How easy is it to control a systemic fungal infection?

A

Very hard to control

Often fatal

79
Q

What is used to try and control systemic fungal infection?

A
  1. Amphotericin B

2. Fluconazole

80
Q

How does Amphotericin B effect fungi?

A

Disrupts RNA synthesis

81
Q

How does Amphotericin B affect the body?

A

Causes rashes, anemia, liver damage

82
Q

What is fluconazole used for?

A
  • yeast

- fungal meningitis

83
Q

What forms does the antifungal nystatin come in and what is it used for?

A
  • topical
  • cream
  • suppository
  • used for yeast infections
84
Q

How many antivirals are actually effective?

A

Very few

85
Q

Why are antivirals mostly ineffective?

A

Viruses do not have their own metabolism

86
Q

How can antivirals be effective?

A

Finding something that will attack a virus-specific enzyme

87
Q

What are the different antivirals?

A
  1. Amantadine
  2. Acyclovir
  3. Azidothymidine (AZT)
  4. Interferons
88
Q

What does Amantadine do?

A
  • reduces influenza spread

- blocks penetration and uncoating of viral particles

89
Q

What does acyclovir do?

A

inhibits viral DNA polymerase

90
Q

What does acyclovir work against?

A
  • herpes

- varicella-zoster virus

91
Q

What is the downside of using acyclovir?

A

There are many resistant strains

92
Q

What is azidothymidine (AZT) used for?

A
  • retroviruses

- HIV

93
Q

How does azidothymidine work against viruses?

A

Interferes with reverse transcriptidase

94
Q

What is the benefit of using azidothymidine?

A

Human cells do not have this enzyme- transcriptidase

95
Q

What is the downside of using azidothymidine?

A

Toxic side effects

96
Q

What are interferons?

A

Protein produced by cells in response to a viral infection

97
Q

What are interferons use against?

A
  • influenza
  • hepatitis
  • herpes
  • colds
  • genital warts
98
Q

What are the benefits of using interferons?

A

Low toxicity

99
Q

Downside of using interferons

A

Expensive

100
Q

Besides monocytes how are interferons produced?

A

Genetic engineering allows for lab made interferons

Microbiology and Hematology (20 decks)

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