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Microbiology and Hematology > Microbiology: Controls > Flashcards

Microbiology: Controls Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the environmental zoonotic controls?

A
  1. Reservoir
  2. Vector
  3. Infected animals
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2
Q

How are zoonotic diseases in a reservoir controlled?

A

draining swampy areas

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3
Q

What zoonotic diseases live in reservoirs?

A
  • giardia

- flukes

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4
Q

How are zoonotic diseases in a vector controlled?

A

eliminate or reduce exposure to vectors

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5
Q

What are the zoonotic vectors?

A
  • mosquitos with West Nile Virus
  • ticks
  • fleas
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6
Q

How are zoonotic diseases controlled in infected animals?

A
  • isolation of infected or clinically ill animals
  • quarantine
  • animal control laws to prevent roaming, mating, and interaction of these animals
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7
Q

What is sterilization?

A

kills all organisms including all spores and viruses

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8
Q

What is disinfection?

A
  • kills vegetative organisms, not spores

- kill harmful organisms

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9
Q

How is pasteurization used to control zoonotic diseases?

A
  • use of heat to keep bacterial growth under control
  • reduce harmful bacterial or organisms to “acceptable levels”
  • extend shelf life of food
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10
Q

What does bacteriostatic mean?

A
  • prevents organisms from growing or reproducing
  • doesn’t kill bacteria
  • keeps bacteria “in place”
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11
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

chemical for destroying harmful microbes for living tissue

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12
Q

Example of an antiseptic

A

Listerine

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13
Q

What is sanitation?

A
  • lower microbe count to “safe public health levels”

- used for glassware, utensils

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14
Q

What are the types of radiation used to control zoonotic diseases?

A
  1. Ionizing

2. Non-Ionizing

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15
Q

What is ionizing radiation? (Examples)

A
  • high energy light
  • x-rays
  • gamma rays
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16
Q

How effective is ionizing radiation?

A
  • very effective, high penetration
  • don’t have to heat
  • cheaper
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17
Q

How does ionizing radiation work?

A
  • knocks electrons off of atoms, rearranging them

- destroy, sterilization

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18
Q

What is ionizing radiation used for?

A
  • sterilize medical devices
  • heats sensitive substances like spices
  • will sterilize food but not well accepted
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19
Q

What is non-ionizing radiation?

A

usually referring to UV light

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20
Q

How does non-ionizing radiation work?

A

does not penetrate well

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21
Q

What is non-ionizing radiation used for?

A
  • good for surfaces

- water

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22
Q

What is the down side of non-ionizing radiation?

A

causes DNA damage

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23
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

useful for liquids and gases

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24
Q

What is membrane filtration?

A

many available down to pore size that will trap viruses

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25
Q

What needs to be used with a membrane filter and why?

A
  • pre-filter

- can clog easily

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26
Q

What is a HEPA filter used for?

A
  • air in clean rooms
  • hospitals
  • labs
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27
Q

What are the different types of chemicals used to control zoonotic diseases?

A
  1. Alcohols
  2. Heavy Metals
  3. Phenolics
  4. Iodine
  5. Chlorine
  6. Quaternary
  7. Oxidizing Agents
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28
Q

What does alcohol work as?

A

disinfectant

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29
Q

How does alcohol work against bacteria?

A

dehydrates proteins, dissolves lipids

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30
Q

How effective is alcohol against bacteria?

A
  • mildly effective
  • mostly washes organisms away mechanically
  • low toxicity, cheap
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31
Q

How is alcohol used?

A

used as 50-80% solution

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32
Q

How does water work with alcohol?

A

water helps prevent evaporation and assists in penetration into tissues

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33
Q

Besides being used as a disinfectant, how else in alcohol used?

A
  • preserve cosmetics

- treat skin before venipuncture or injection

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34
Q

What are heavy metals used as?

A

disinfectant

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35
Q

What are the commonly used heavy metals?

A
  • Hg (mercury)
  • Ag (silver)
  • Cu (copper)
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36
Q

How effective is are heavy metals as a disinfectant?

A

mildly effective

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37
Q

What are the down sides to using heavy metals?

A
  • higher toxicity
  • not very popular anymore
  • mostly used for waste disposed
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38
Q

How do heavy metals work?

A
  • binds proteins together

- cellular metabolism is disrupted

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39
Q

What is Silver Nitrate used as?

A
  • as an antiseptic

- as a disinfectant

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40
Q

What was Silver nitrate used for in the past?

A

after babies were born, AgNO3 was put into their eyes to prevent Neisseria gonorrhoeae being passed from mother to child

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41
Q

What are phenolics used as?

A

disinfectant

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42
Q

What was the first disinfectant used?

A

phenols

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43
Q

What are phenols compared to?

A

standard for comparing all disinfectants

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44
Q

How effective are phenols in the presence of organic matter?

A

doesn’t work as well with organic matter

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45
Q

Why are phenols not used as an antiseptic?

A
  • expensive
  • odiferous
  • caustic to skin
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46
Q

What old cleaning solution used phenol?

A

old formula Lysol

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47
Q

What are the Phenol derivatives?

A
  1. Crestols
  2. Hexylresorcinol
  3. Bisphenols
  4. Triclosan
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48
Q

How effective are crestols with germs?

A

greater germicidal activity with lower toxicity

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49
Q

What else are crestols used for?

A

preserving wood

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50
Q

Where are hexylresorcinols used?

A
  • mouthwash
  • topical antiseptics
  • throat lozenges (sucrets)
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51
Q

How does hexylresorcinol work against zoonotic organisms?

A
  • reduces surface tension

- loosens bacteria from tissues and allows greater penetration

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52
Q

What are bisphenols?

A
  • combination of 2 phenol molecules
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53
Q

Examples of bisphenols?

A
  1. Orthopheylphenol
  2. Hexachlorophene
  3. Chlorhexidine
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54
Q

Example of an orthopheylphenol

A

Lysol

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55
Q

Example of a Hexachlorophene

A

dial soap

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56
Q

What is chlorhexidine used for?

A
  • surgical scrub
  • hand wash
  • skin wound cleanser
  • antiplaque and anti-gingivitis
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57
Q

What is another name for chlorhexidine?

A

Nolvasan

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58
Q

What can happen if chlorhexadine sits out for a while?

A

bacteria may actually grow in it

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59
Q

What kind of coverage does Triclosan have?

A

broad spectrum

blocks the synthesis of lipids

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60
Q

What are the commercial names for Triclosan?

A
  • irgansan

- Ster-zac

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61
Q

What is triclosan effective against?

A
  • pathogenic bacteria

- partially effective against fungi and viruses

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62
Q

What is triclosan commonly added to?

A
  • antibacterial soap
  • lotions
  • mouthwashes
  • kitchen sponges
  • tooth paste
  • toys
  • food
  • utensils
  • cutting boards
  • underwear
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63
Q

What is the problem with putting Triclosan in everything?

A

bacteria can develop a resistance to it

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64
Q

How strong is Triclosan?

A

mild and non-toxic

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65
Q

How effective is iodine and is it toxic?

A
  • effective
  • low toxicity
  • stains
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66
Q

What is a tincture of iodine and what is it used for?

A
  1. antiseptic for wounds
  2. iodine and ethyl alcohol
  3. can be used in drinking water
  4. used in restaurants for eating utensils
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67
Q

What are iodophors?

A
  • iodine detergent complexes

- long term release of iodine

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68
Q

What does the detergent part of iodophors do?

A

loosens organisms from surfaces and then iodine can kill them

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69
Q

What are the commercial names for iodophors?

A
  1. Ioprep (surgical scrub)
  2. Iosan
  3. Betadine
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70
Q

What is it called when iodine is combined with non-detergent carrier molecules?

A

povidine

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71
Q

What does Povidine do?

A

stabilizes iodine and releases it slowly

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72
Q

What can still grow in Povidine?

A

pseudomonas

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73
Q

What can chlorine bleach be in the form of?

A

liquid or gas

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74
Q

What is bleach widely used in?

A

water supplies

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75
Q

What is bleach corrosive to?

A

metals

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76
Q

What is the inorganic form of chlorine (bleach) and what is it used for?

A
  • NaOCl
  • used as a bleaching agent for textiles
  • used in dilute formulas for drinking water, swimming pools, and factory equipment
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77
Q

What is organic chlorine (bleach)?

A
  • Chloramine T.
  • releases chlorine slowly
  • more stable than inorganic
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78
Q

What is organic chlorine (bleach) used for?

A

general wound antiseptic and root canal therapy

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79
Q

How effective is chlorine as a disinfectant/antiseptic?

A
  • effective
  • broad spectrum including some viruses, fungi, and protozoa
  • not a sporicide (spores)
80
Q

What are Quarternarys?

A

ammonium chloride

  • low toxicity
  • moderately expensive
81
Q

Where are quaternarys good to use for?

A
  • food
  • processing plants
  • hospitals
82
Q

How do quaternarys compare to chlorine?

A

less corrosive

83
Q

Examples of Quarternarys

A
  1. Parvosol
  2. Roccal-D
  3. 409 (don’t mix with soap)
84
Q

What do quaternarys work against?

A
  • broad spectrum
  • bacteriostatic
  • Gram (+)
85
Q

What are the 3 oxidizing agents?

A
  1. Peroxide
  2. Ethylene Oxide
  3. Glutaraldehyde
86
Q

What is peroxide used for?

A
  • food processing plants

- skin disinfection

87
Q

How do the bubbles of peroxide work?

A

they help with mechanical removal of organisms

88
Q

Toxicity of Peroxide

A

low

89
Q

What happens when there are organisms with enzymes to break down peroxide?

A

have to use a higher concentration of peroxide

90
Q

What is peroxide being used for experimentally?

A
  • milk
  • soft contact lens
  • utensils
91
Q

What is ethylene oxide?

A

an explosive gas used in a chamber to sterilize medical instruments, bedding, etc.

92
Q

Why must fabrics be aired out after being sterilized by ethylene oxide?

A
  • it is very toxic

- could cause “cold burns”

93
Q

What is ethylene oxide really good for?

A

plastics

  • petri dishes
  • plastic syringes
94
Q

What is glutaraldehyde used for?

A
  • good for surface sterilization of heat sensitive objects

- delicate instruments such as fiber optics

95
Q

What does glutaraldehyde work against?

A

spores

96
Q

What is glutaraldehyde used for?

A
  • good for surface sterilization of heat sensitive objects

- delicate instruments such as fiber optics

97
Q

What are the down sides of using glutaraldehyde?

A
  • very toxic

- carcinogen (causes cancer)

98
Q

What are the structural barriers for body defenses?

A
  1. skin

2. mucous membrane

99
Q

What are non-specific defenses?

A

act on all invading organisms and toxins in some manner

100
Q

What environment does skin have?

A
  • dry
  • salty
  • slightly acidic
  • keratinized
101
Q

How does skin help protect the body from pathogens?

A
  • unbroken skin is very hard to penetrate

- skin cells grow rapidly and sheds off layers of dead skin constantly

102
Q

What happens when the skin sheds?

A
  • sheds organisms

- secretes oils containing lysozymes

103
Q

What are the common skin inhabitants?

A
  1. staphylococcus
  2. Bacillus
  3. Corynebacteria
104
Q

Are the common skin inhabitants beneficial, opportunistic, or pathogenic?

A

opportunistic

105
Q

What are the fungi that can infect hair, nails, and skin?

A
  • ringworm
  • foot rot
    (may become systemic)
106
Q

Where are the mucous membranes found?

A
  • respiratory tract
  • conjunctiva (eye)
  • genitourinary tract
  • GI tract (mouth and intestines and stomach)
107
Q

How does Luceferin work?

A

Measures ATP

108
Q

Where is luceferin used?

A

Food processing centers

Operating rooms

109
Q

What is glutaraldehyde used for?

A
  • good for surface sterilization of heat sensitive objects

- delicate instruments such as fiber optics

110
Q

What are the down sides of using glutaraldehyde?

A
  • very toxic

- carcinogen (causes cancer)

111
Q

What are mucous membranes constantly doing?

A
  • secreting mucous

- flushing away things

112
Q

What does mucus contain?

A
  • lysozymes
  • antibodies
  • acids
113
Q

The respiratory system also has ______ cells to move inhaled material up and out.

A

ciliated

114
Q

Lung cells have ________ cells to attack anything that gets past cilia.

A

phagocytic

115
Q

What triggers the coughing reflex?

A

build up of material in the lungs

116
Q

Where in the intestines are a normal flora of bacteria found?

A

lower

117
Q

What kind of relationship do GI bacteria have with the host?

A

symbiotic

118
Q

What do GI flora do to pathogens?

A
  • keeps them in check

- microbial antagonism

119
Q

The _______ comes into contact with many organisms. (part of body)

A

mouth

120
Q

What enzymes are in saliva?

A

lysozymes

121
Q

Why is saliva important for controlling microorganisms in the mouth?

A
  • constantly flushing

- organisms that can cause tooth decay and gingivitis

122
Q

What pH does saliva have?

A

low

123
Q

Many viruses invade the body via _______ ?

A

mucous membranes

124
Q

Where are the mucous membranes that viruses are most likely to enter the body?

A
  • eyes
  • respiratory system
  • mouth
125
Q

What are the 2 non-specific body defenses?

A
  1. structural barriers

2. chemical compounds

126
Q

What are the chemical compounds that the body uses to defend itself?

A
  1. acids
  2. lysozyme
  3. digestive enzymes
  4. complement system
  5. interferon
127
Q

What are the acids used in body defense?

A
  1. fatty acids
  2. sweat acids
  3. hydrochloric acid
128
Q

What do fatty acids do?

A

directly toxic or upsets cell membranes

129
Q

Acids in the sweat do what?

A
  • help maintain a low pH
  • pH 4-6
    (most bacteria don’t like this pH
130
Q

Where is hydrochloric acid found?

A

in the stomach

131
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do?

A
  • digests food

- kills most bacteria

132
Q

What organism can survive in HCl?

A

Helibactor pylori

133
Q

What does Helibactor pylori cause?

A

stomach ulcers in humans

134
Q

What do lysozymes do?

A

helps digest Gram (+) cells walls

135
Q

Where are lysozymes found?

A
  • found in mucus, tears, saliva

- also inside phagocytes

136
Q

What are the digestive enzymes?

A
  1. Amylase
  2. Lipase
  3. Trypsin
137
Q

What do the digestive enzymes do?

A
  • help digest starch, fat, and protein

- upset cell membranes and cell walls of microbes

138
Q

What do bile acids do?

A
  • help remove organisms
139
Q

What makes up the complement system?

A

a set of 20 proteins in circulation

140
Q

What doe the complement system do?

A
  • assists the immune system
  • attracts phagocytes, lymphocytes
  • helps digest other cells
141
Q

What does interferon do?

A
  • virally infected cells secrete
  • triggers surrounding healthy cells to produce antiviral proteins
  • limits viral spread
142
Q

What are the cell-mediated defenses?

A

leukocytes

143
Q

What do leukocytes do?

A

specialized cells capable of acting in a specific manner towards individual pathogens

144
Q

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A
  1. granulocyte

2. agranulocyte

145
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Eosinophils
146
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A
  1. monocytes

2. lymphocytes

147
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A
  • phagocytic

- first line of defense against bacteria

148
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

phagocytic

149
Q

What do basophils do?

A

secretes useful substances

150
Q

What do monocytes do?

A
  • macrophages
  • phagocytic
  • eats chunky debris
151
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A
  • natural killer cells
  • produce antibodies (immunity)
  • recirculates in blood stream
  • recognize foreign cells or infected cells and neutralize or kill the cell
152
Q

What is immunity?

A

resistance to disease causing organisms or toxins

153
Q

What is an antigen?

A
  • typically foreign

- stimulates antibody production

154
Q

What is an antibody?

A

soluble protein made by B-lymphs that selectively bind to antigens

155
Q

What does an antibody do?

A

attach to antigen binding sites

156
Q

What is an antibody titer?

A

measures amounts and classes of antibodies

157
Q

What are antibody titers used for?

A

can determine exposure to or measure protective antibody levels

158
Q

What is an allergic response?

A

overstimulation of immune system by allergen

159
Q

When does an allergic response happen?

A

after re-exposure to allergen

160
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • manufactured by cell cultures

- make one type of antibody in large amounts

161
Q

What is used to make cell cultures for monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • mouse spleen cells
162
Q

What is the problem with using cell cultures?

A

hard to keep them alive

163
Q

What are the different types of immunity?

A
  1. Natural Active
  2. Artificial Active
  3. Natural Passive
  4. Artificial Passive
164
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A
  • develops after recovery from a naturally acquired infectious disease
165
Q

Microbial agents stimulate immune responses that remain _______ for years.

A

active

166
Q

Body retains a ______ of the antigen so that any ________ to that antigen will result in a rapid response.

A
  1. memory

2. re-exposure

167
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

antigens are introduced to a body by artificial means

- vaccination

168
Q

The body must act to form antibodies by doing what?

A
  • intentionally making a memory to the antigen without forcing the body to experience the disease
    (protection from the disease)
169
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A
  • newborns receive antibodies from mom during gestation

- some mammals get antibodies in colostrum

170
Q

How do birds and reptiles pass antibodies to offspring?

A

though the egg yolk

171
Q

How long do antibodies from colostrum last on humans and in animals?

A
  • humans: 3-6 months

- animals: 6-12 weeks

172
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

preformed antibodies via injection

173
Q

How long do preformed antibodies that are injected last?

A

several weeks

174
Q

What is antiserum?

A

develop high levels of antibodies in horse and cattle and then collect the serum

175
Q

Monoclonal antibodies or ______ antiserum is now available.

A

human

176
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity can be used as ______ for high risk population.

A

prophylaxis

177
Q

Artificial passive immunity injections are used post-exposure to what?

A
  1. diphtheria
  2. tetanus
  3. botulism
  4. rabies
178
Q

How are killed vaccines made?

A
  • pathogen exposed to heat or chemicals

- antigens are not altered but microbe cannot multiply

179
Q

What is another name for killed vaccines?

A

Inactivated vaccines

180
Q

To obtain maximum stimulation of antibodies from a killed vaccine, what should be done?

A

Give in a series of injections

181
Q

Immunity from killed vaccines does not last as long as naturally acquired pathogens.
What must be given to increase effectiveness of the killed vaccine?

A

Booster shot

182
Q

Example of a killed vaccine

A

Rabies vaccine

183
Q

What are attenuated or weekend vaccines?

A
  • Low virulence microbes that will multiply in tissue

- weakened or reduced in force

184
Q

What does a single dose of an attenuated vaccine do?

A

Single-dose stimulates a high antibody level that lasts a prolonged time

185
Q

Sometimes able to give a vaccine through ___________ route of infection.

A

Natural

186
Q

What is an example of a vaccine given through natural routes of infection

A

Polio - orally

187
Q

What are the disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?

A
  • disease may result from vaccine itself

- immune compromised or pregnant animals should not receive these vaccines

188
Q

What are subunit or recombinant vaccines?

A
  • use purified fractions of the microbe

- helps reduce side effects

189
Q

Genetic engineering is helping to create new vaccines by purifying only the __________ required to stimulate protective immunity.

A

Antigen

190
Q

Example of a subunit or recombinant vaccine

A

Hepatitis B

191
Q

How is the hepatitis B subunit vaccine made?

A

Borrow surface antigen made by yeast cells through a recombinant DNA technology

192
Q

What are toxoid vaccines?

A

Contain inactivated toxins or toxoids rather than the killed cells

193
Q

What are the diseases that are caused by exotoxins?

A

Diphtheria

Tetanus

194
Q

What are antibodies created against exotoxins called?

A

Anti-toxins

195
Q

What are DNA vaccines?

A

Inject bare DNA from infectious agent and the host will make some of it’s proteins

196
Q

What happens when the host is injected with a DNA vaccine?

A

Develop antibodies in response and develop immunity

197
Q

What does a DNA vaccine mimic?

A

Viral infection

Microbiology and Hematology (20 decks)

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