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Microbiology and Hematology > Microbiology: Gram (-) Organisms > Flashcards

Microbiology: Gram (-) Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are enterobacteria?

Shape?
O2/no O2

A
  • G (-) rod
  • facultative anaerobe
  • normal flora of digestive system
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2
Q

What bacteria causes enterohemorrhagic diseases?

A

E. coli

0157:H7

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3
Q

What year was the Jack-in-the-Box outbreak in Washington state?

A

1992

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4
Q

What animal has E. coli 0157:H7 as normal intestinal flora?

A

Cattle

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5
Q

How is E. coli 0157:H7 able to attach itself to epithelial cells of the human intestine?

A

Has fimbriae

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6
Q

What does the toxin that is produced by E. coli 0157:H7 cause?

A

Hemorrhagic colitis

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7
Q

What does hemorrhagic colitis cause?

A
  • bleeding
  • hemolytic uremic syndrome
  • diarrhea
  • blood in urine leading to kidney failure
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8
Q

How many cases of E. coli 0157:H7 are there per year in the US?

A

about 20,000

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9
Q

How many deaths a year are there from E. coli 0157:H7 contamination in the US?

A

About 250

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10
Q

Where are E. coli 0157:H7 outbreaks found?

A
  • meat
  • unpasteurized juices
  • alfalfa sprouts
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11
Q

What causes enterotoxigenic diseases?

A

E. coli

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12
Q

What does enterotoxigenic E. coli cause?

A

Watery diarrhea
Vomiting
Fever
Dehydration

Usually mild

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13
Q

How is enterotoxigenic E. coli spread?

A

Fecal contamination in food

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14
Q

What is another name for enterotoxigenic E. coli?

A

Travelers diarrhea

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15
Q

What is Salmonella?

A

motile, normal flora of humans and other animals

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16
Q

What can be caused by Salmonella?

A
  • salmonellosis

- salmonella gastroenteritis

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17
Q

How many strains of Salmonella are there?

A

thousands

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18
Q

What are the two major infectious groups of Salmonella?

A
  1. Septic

2. Enteric

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19
Q

What does septic salmonella do?

A
  • invasive

- high mortality rate

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20
Q

What strains cause septic salmonella?

A

S. typhimurium

S. Dublin

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21
Q

What does enteric salmonella do?

A
  • affect intestinal tract

- causes diarrhea, dehydration

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22
Q

Are antibiotics affective against salmonella?

A

not very affective against diarrheal diseases

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23
Q

How are diarrheal diseases of salmonella treated?

A

oral rehydration

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24
Q

Where can salmonella be found?

A
  • poultry
  • eggs
  • reptiles
  • vegetables
  • peanut butter
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25
Q

What does salmonella typhi cause?

A

Typhoid fever

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26
Q

Where is typhoid fever found?

A
  • not in animals

- spread only through feces of humans

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27
Q

How is typhoid fever spread?

A

food or water contamination

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28
Q

How do antibiotics work with typhoid fever?

What is the mortality rate when it’s treated?

A
  • many antibiotics work well

- ~1% mortality rate if treated

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29
Q

What happens when someone recovers from typhoid fever?

A

permanent immunity

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30
Q

People can ____ and ____ the organisms (salmonella typhi) for years without showing symptoms.

A
  1. harbor

2. shed

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of typhoid fever?

A
  • fever up to 104 degrees F
  • ulcerative lesions of lymphoid tissues lining small intestine
  • abdominal tenderness
  • diarrhea
  • vomiting
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32
Q

Who was Typhoid Mary?

A

Mary Mallon

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33
Q

What did Typhoid Mary do?

A

was a cook in several boarding houses in NYC from 1896-1906

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34
Q

How many people were infected by Typhoid Mary before she was arrested?

A

28 cases of typhoid fever

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35
Q

How did Typhoid Mary spread the disease?

A

by shedding it into the food people were eating

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36
Q

What happened when Typhoid Mary was released from the hospital?

A
  • she changed her name
  • continued to cook for people
  • kept spreading the disease
  • caused more outbreaks
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37
Q

How many strains of Klebsiella are there and what does it affect?

A
  • many strains

- affects most animals

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38
Q

What does Klebsiella pneumoniae cause?

A
  • pneumonia
  • mastitis
  • septicemia
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39
Q

What do Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae cause?

A
  • shigellosis
  • bacillary dysentery
  • Traveler’s Diarrhea
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40
Q

Where are Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae found?

A

intestinal tract of humans, apes, and monkeys

- primates

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41
Q

What is Traveler’s Diarrhea?

A
  • relatively mild dysentery

- diarrhea with mucus or blood

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42
Q

What does Shigella flexneri cause?

A

severe intestinal infections in primates

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43
Q

What is Serratia?

A

a common soil inhabitant

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44
Q

What does Serratia do?

A

produces red pigment to colonies at room temp

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45
Q

What does Serratia cause?

A
  • pneumonia
  • septicemia
  • mastitis in humans and cattle
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46
Q

What kind of organism is Pseudomonas?

Shape?
O2/no O2

A
  • aerobe

- G(-) rod

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47
Q

Where is Pseudomonas found?

A

widespread in water and soil

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48
Q

What can Pseudomonas aeruginosa use as its carbon source?

A
  • almost anything
  • soap
  • disinfectants
  • many antibiotics
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49
Q

What type of pathogen is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

opportunistic pathogen

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50
Q

What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with?

A

Pseudomonas dermatitis

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51
Q

What is Pseudomonas dermatitis?

A
  • self-limiting rash of about 2 weeks duration

- often associated with swimming pools, hot tubs

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52
Q

What pathogen is especially serious for burn patients and can cause serious complications?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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53
Q

Where can Pseudomonas aeruginosa grow?

A
  • flower vases/water

- mop water

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54
Q

What can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

A

otitis externa (ear infection)

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55
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

painful, chronic external ear canal infections

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56
Q

What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to?

A

a variety of antibiotics

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57
Q

What drug is successful against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

fluoroquinolones

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58
Q

What kind of organism is Brucella?

Shape?
O2/no O2
Motility?

A
  • G(-)
  • non-motile
  • rod
  • zoonotic
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59
Q

What environment does Brucella abortus prefer?

A
  • intracellular growth

- travel via bloomstream and lymph system

60
Q

What does Brucella abortus infect?

A
  • livestock
61
Q

What has helped eliminate Brucella abortus in the US?

A

vaccination

62
Q

What does Brucella abortus use as a reservoir?

A
  • wild elk
  • wild bison
  • dogs
63
Q

What can be caused by Brucella abortus?

A

brucellosis

64
Q

How do mammals excrete Brucella abortus bacteria?

A
  • in milk

- unpasteurized milk of cows and goats

65
Q

How does Brucella abortus enter the body?

A
  • abrasions in the skin
  • through mucous membranes
  • STD
66
Q

What happens when Brucella abortus is ingested by macrophages?

A

they multiply and travel to organs via the circulatory system

67
Q

What does brucellosis cause?

A
  • undulant fever
  • chills
  • malaise
68
Q

What are most cases of Brucella abortus caused by?

A

contact with diseased animal tissue

69
Q

Who I at a higher risk of being exposed to Brucella abortus?

A
  • farmers
  • vet personnel
  • meat processors
70
Q

What is Brucella abortus resistant to?

A
  • antibiotics
71
Q

How is Brucella abortus treated?

A

prolonged treatment with tetracycline or streptomycin often required

72
Q

What kind of organism is Vibro cholerae?

Shape?

A

slightly curved G(-) rod

73
Q

What does Vibro cholerae cause?

A

cholera

74
Q

Where does Vibro cholerae live in?

A

food or waterborne

75
Q

What does Vibro cholerae use as a reservoir?

A

shellfish

76
Q

How can Vibro cholerae spread?

A

fecal contamination

77
Q

What happens when an animal is infected with Vibro cholerae?

A
  • bacteria adheres to intestinal lining

- do not invade cells

78
Q

What does Vibro cholerae produce?

A

the toxin coleragen

79
Q

What does the coleragen toxin do to the body?

A
  • stimulates GI epithelial cells to hypersecrete water and chloride ions
  • severe dehydration
  • profuse diarrhea
80
Q

What can happen if Vibro cholerae causes severe water loss?

A
  • increases TP
  • circulatory shock
  • death
81
Q

How is Vibro cholerae treated?

A
  • responds well to antibiotics

- tetracycline is the drug of choice

82
Q

How is dehydration caused by Vibro cholerae treated?

A
  • rehydration
  • water
  • salt
  • sucrose
83
Q

How fatal is Vibro cholerae if not treated?

A

50% fatal

- especially in children

84
Q

How fatal is Vibro cholerae if properly treated?

A

15% fatal

85
Q

How many cases of Vibro cholerae are there in the US every year?

A

less than 20 cases

86
Q

Where is Vibro cholerae a pandemic?

A

developing countries and areas with poor sanitation of water supply (flooding)

87
Q

What type of organism is Francisella tularensis?

A
  • small
  • facultative anaerobe
  • pleomorphic rod
88
Q

How is Francisella tularensis transmitted?

A
  • skin breaks
  • inhalation
  • ingestion
89
Q

What happens when someone is infected by Francisella tularensis?

A
  • starts as a localized infection

- regional lymph nodes enlarge and fill with pus

90
Q

What can Francisella tularensis lead to?

A
  • septicemia
  • pneumonia
  • abscesses
91
Q

What happens when Francisella tularensis is ingested from inadequately cooked meat?

A

lead to localized infection in mouth and throat

92
Q

What is the most common way Francisella tularensis enters the body?

A
  • minor skin abrasions

- rubbing of the eyes after handling small wild mammals

93
Q

How many bacteria can cause an infection of Francisella tularensis?

A

less than 10 bacteria can start an infection

94
Q

Naturally acquired immunity is usually ______.

A

permanent

95
Q

What vaccine is given to high risk people that could be exposed to Francisella tularensis?

A

attenuated live vaccine

96
Q

What drugs can be used to treat Francisella tularensis?

A
  • streptomycin
  • gentamycin
  • prolonged treatment
97
Q

What is Francisella tularensis also known as?

A

Tularemia

98
Q

What is pasteurella multocida also known as?

A

Pasteurellosis (zoonotic)

99
Q

Where is pasteurella multocida found?

A

Wild and domestic animals can harbor this

100
Q

What kind of organism is pasteurella multocida?

Shape?

A

G (-) rod

101
Q

What does pasteurella multocida cause?

A

septicemia

102
Q

How is pasteurella multocida transmitted?

A

Animal bites

103
Q

What are the symptoms of pasteurella multocida?

A
  • localized with severe swelling and pain at the site of the wound
  • acute onset
104
Q

How is pasteurella multocida treated?

A
  • penicillin

- tetracycline

105
Q

What is Bartonella henselae also known as?

A

Cat scratch fever

106
Q

What type of organism is Bartonella henselae?

Shape?
O2/no O2

A
  • aerobic
  • G(-) rod
  • zoonotic
107
Q

Where is Bartonella henselae found?

A

Commonly found on cats and in their saliva

108
Q

How is cat scratch fever transmitted? (Bartonella henselae)

A
  • Bite or scratch
  • fleas
  • putting an infected cat then rubbing eyes
109
Q

What does Bartonella henselae cause?

A
  • swelling of lymph nodes
  • malaise
  • fever
  • can lead to endocarditis
110
Q

Happens if a immunocompromised person is infected with Bartonella henselae?

A

Can spread to central nervous system, eyes, heart

111
Q

How does Bartonella henselae usually affect the body?

A

Self-limiting

The body can usually get rid of it on its own

112
Q

How can Bartonella henselae be treated?

A

Antibiotics

113
Q

Campylobacter enteritis is a ___________ organism.

A

Zoonotic

114
Q

What kind of organism is campylobacter jejuni?

Shape?

A

G(-) spirochete

115
Q

What is the most common cause of diarrhea illness in the US?

A

Campylobacter

116
Q

Where does campylobacter live?

A

GI inhabitant of ruminants, swine, poultry, dogs, cats

117
Q

How is campylobacter transmitted?

A

Contaminated food or water

Raw milk

From bird to bird

118
Q

How many cases of Campylobacter are there in the US every year?

A

~ 2.4 million cases

119
Q

How many deaths are caused by Campylobacter every year in the US?

A

125 deaths a year

Young, immunocompromise

120
Q

How do you control and prevent campylobacter?

A
  • Cook food well

- prevent cross-contamination

121
Q

What type of organism is leptospirosis?

Shape?

A
  • zoonotic

- G(-) spirochete

122
Q

What is leptospirosis also known as?

A

Leptospira interrogan

123
Q

What does leptospirosis cause in humans?

A
  • range from asymptomatic
  • fever
  • chills
  • muscle pain
  • jaundice
  • rash
  • CNS
  • liver issues
  • kidney issues
124
Q

What does leptospirosis cause in animals?

A
  • Subclinical
  • fever
  • icterus
  • infertility
  • abortion
125
Q

How is leptospirosis contracted?

A

contact of a braided skin or mucous membranes with urine

  • from infected animals or water, soil, or plants contaminated by urine
126
Q

How is leptospirosis treated?

A
  • doxycycline
  • penicillin
  • May need to be IV
127
Q

Type of organism is Lyme disease?

Shape?

A
  • zoonotic

- G(-) spirochete

128
Q

What is lyme disease also known as?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

129
Q

What are reservoirs for Lyme disease?

A

wildlife

130
Q

What is a vector for Lyme disease?

A

Tick

131
Q

What does Lyme disease cause in humans?

A
  • erythema migraines
  • fatigue
  • fever
  • headache
  • muscle and joint pain
132
Q

What does Lyme disease cause in animals?

A
  • fever
  • anorexia
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • lameness
  • fatigue
133
Q

How is lyme disease prevented?

A
  • tick control
  • keep shrubs away from house
  • insect repellent
  • protective clothing
  • monitor for ticks
134
Q

What is the best way we are we able to prevent animals from getting Lyme disease?

A

vaccination

135
Q

How long does it take for a tick to transmit a disease?

A

about 4 hours

136
Q

What is Yersinia pestis also known as?

A

the bubonic plague

137
Q

What kind of organism is Yersinia pestis?

Shape?
O2/no O2

A
  • G(-) rod

- facultative anaerobe

138
Q

What is one of the oldest zoonotic diseases that is still around?

A

The bubonic plague

Yersinia pestis

139
Q

What are the reservoirs for Yersinia pestis?

A

rodents

140
Q

What are the vectors for Yersinia pestis?

A

fleas

141
Q

How does Yersinia pestis affect humans?

symptoms

A
  • fever
  • chills
  • muscle pain
  • nausea
  • severe sore throat
  • headache
  • swollen lymph nodes
142
Q

How does Yersinia pestis affect rodents?

A

become ill and die

143
Q

What is the survival rate of bubonic plague?

A

better survival rates with antibiotics

144
Q

How is Yersinia pestis prevented and controlled?

A
  • prevent wild rodent access to food and shelter by having proper storage and disposal of food, garbage and refuse
145
Q

How many cases of Yersinia pestis (the bubonic plague) are there in the US every year?

A

10-15

Microbiology and Hematology (20 decks)

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