Microbiology: Gram (-) Organisms Flashcards
1
Q
What are enterobacteria?
Shape?
O2/no O2
A
- G (-) rod
- facultative anaerobe
- normal flora of digestive system
2
Q
What bacteria causes enterohemorrhagic diseases?
A
E. coli
0157:H7
3
Q
What year was the Jack-in-the-Box outbreak in Washington state?
A
1992
4
Q
What animal has E. coli 0157:H7 as normal intestinal flora?
A
Cattle
5
Q
How is E. coli 0157:H7 able to attach itself to epithelial cells of the human intestine?
A
Has fimbriae
6
Q
What does the toxin that is produced by E. coli 0157:H7 cause?
A
Hemorrhagic colitis
7
Q
What does hemorrhagic colitis cause?
A
- bleeding
- hemolytic uremic syndrome
- diarrhea
- blood in urine leading to kidney failure
8
Q
How many cases of E. coli 0157:H7 are there per year in the US?
A
about 20,000
9
Q
How many deaths a year are there from E. coli 0157:H7 contamination in the US?
A
About 250
10
Q
Where are E. coli 0157:H7 outbreaks found?
A
- meat
- unpasteurized juices
- alfalfa sprouts
11
Q
What causes enterotoxigenic diseases?
A
E. coli
12
Q
What does enterotoxigenic E. coli cause?
A
Watery diarrhea
Vomiting
Fever
Dehydration
Usually mild
13
Q
How is enterotoxigenic E. coli spread?
A
Fecal contamination in food
14
Q
What is another name for enterotoxigenic E. coli?
A
Travelers diarrhea
15
Q
What is Salmonella?
A
motile, normal flora of humans and other animals
16
Q
What can be caused by Salmonella?
A
- salmonellosis
- salmonella gastroenteritis
17
Q
How many strains of Salmonella are there?
A
thousands
18
Q
What are the two major infectious groups of Salmonella?
A
- Septic
2. Enteric
19
Q
What does septic salmonella do?
A
- invasive
- high mortality rate
20
Q
What strains cause septic salmonella?
A
S. typhimurium
S. Dublin
21
Q
What does enteric salmonella do?
A
- affect intestinal tract
- causes diarrhea, dehydration
22
Q
Are antibiotics affective against salmonella?
A
not very affective against diarrheal diseases
23
Q
How are diarrheal diseases of salmonella treated?
A
oral rehydration
24
Q
Where can salmonella be found?
A
- poultry
- eggs
- reptiles
- vegetables
- peanut butter
25
What does salmonella typhi cause?
Typhoid fever
26
Where is typhoid fever found?
- not in animals
| - spread only through feces of humans
27
How is typhoid fever spread?
food or water contamination
28
How do antibiotics work with typhoid fever?
What is the mortality rate when it's treated?
- many antibiotics work well
| - ~1% mortality rate if treated
29
What happens when someone recovers from typhoid fever?
permanent immunity
30
People can ____ and ____ the organisms (salmonella typhi) for years without showing symptoms.
1. harbor
| 2. shed
31
What are the symptoms of typhoid fever?
- fever up to 104 degrees F
- ulcerative lesions of lymphoid tissues lining small intestine
- abdominal tenderness
- diarrhea
- vomiting
32
Who was Typhoid Mary?
Mary Mallon
33
What did Typhoid Mary do?
was a cook in several boarding houses in NYC from 1896-1906
34
How many people were infected by Typhoid Mary before she was arrested?
28 cases of typhoid fever
35
How did Typhoid Mary spread the disease?
by shedding it into the food people were eating
36
What happened when Typhoid Mary was released from the hospital?
- she changed her name
- continued to cook for people
- kept spreading the disease
- caused more outbreaks
37
How many strains of Klebsiella are there and what does it affect?
- many strains
| - affects most animals
38
What does Klebsiella pneumoniae cause?
- pneumonia
- mastitis
- septicemia
39
What do Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae cause?
- shigellosis
- bacillary dysentery
- Traveler's Diarrhea
40
Where are Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae found?
intestinal tract of humans, apes, and monkeys
| - primates
41
What is Traveler's Diarrhea?
- relatively mild dysentery
| - diarrhea with mucus or blood
42
What does Shigella flexneri cause?
severe intestinal infections in primates
43
What is Serratia?
a common soil inhabitant
44
What does Serratia do?
produces red pigment to colonies at room temp
45
What does Serratia cause?
- pneumonia
- septicemia
- mastitis in humans and cattle
46
What kind of organism is Pseudomonas?
Shape?
O2/no O2
- aerobe
| - G(-) rod
47
Where is Pseudomonas found?
widespread in water and soil
48
What can Pseudomonas aeruginosa use as its carbon source?
- almost anything
- soap
- disinfectants
- many antibiotics
49
What type of pathogen is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
opportunistic pathogen
50
What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with?
Pseudomonas dermatitis
51
What is Pseudomonas dermatitis?
- self-limiting rash of about 2 weeks duration
| - often associated with swimming pools, hot tubs
52
What pathogen is especially serious for burn patients and can cause serious complications?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
53
Where can Pseudomonas aeruginosa grow?
- flower vases/water
| - mop water
54
What can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?
otitis externa (ear infection)
55
What is otitis externa?
painful, chronic external ear canal infections
56
What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to?
a variety of antibiotics
57
What drug is successful against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
fluoroquinolones
58
What kind of organism is Brucella?
Shape?
O2/no O2
Motility?
- G(-)
- non-motile
- rod
- zoonotic
59
What environment does Brucella abortus prefer?
- intracellular growth
| - travel via bloomstream and lymph system
60
What does Brucella abortus infect?
- livestock
61
What has helped eliminate Brucella abortus in the US?
vaccination
62
What does Brucella abortus use as a reservoir?
- wild elk
- wild bison
- dogs
63
What can be caused by Brucella abortus?
brucellosis
64
How do mammals excrete Brucella abortus bacteria?
- in milk
| - unpasteurized milk of cows and goats
65
How does Brucella abortus enter the body?
- abrasions in the skin
- through mucous membranes
- STD
66
What happens when Brucella abortus is ingested by macrophages?
they multiply and travel to organs via the circulatory system
67
What does brucellosis cause?
- undulant fever
- chills
- malaise
68
What are most cases of Brucella abortus caused by?
contact with diseased animal tissue
69
Who I at a higher risk of being exposed to Brucella abortus?
- farmers
- vet personnel
- meat processors
70
What is Brucella abortus resistant to?
- antibiotics
71
How is Brucella abortus treated?
prolonged treatment with tetracycline or streptomycin often required
72
What kind of organism is Vibro cholerae?
Shape?
slightly curved G(-) rod
73
What does Vibro cholerae cause?
cholera
74
Where does Vibro cholerae live in?
food or waterborne
75
What does Vibro cholerae use as a reservoir?
shellfish
76
How can Vibro cholerae spread?
fecal contamination
77
What happens when an animal is infected with Vibro cholerae?
- bacteria adheres to intestinal lining
| - do not invade cells
78
What does Vibro cholerae produce?
the toxin coleragen
79
What does the coleragen toxin do to the body?
- stimulates GI epithelial cells to hypersecrete water and chloride ions
- severe dehydration
- profuse diarrhea
80
What can happen if Vibro cholerae causes severe water loss?
- increases TP
- circulatory shock
- death
81
How is Vibro cholerae treated?
- responds well to antibiotics
| - tetracycline is the drug of choice
82
How is dehydration caused by Vibro cholerae treated?
- rehydration
- water
- salt
- sucrose
83
How fatal is Vibro cholerae if not treated?
50% fatal
| - especially in children
84
How fatal is Vibro cholerae if properly treated?
15% fatal
85
How many cases of Vibro cholerae are there in the US every year?
less than 20 cases
86
Where is Vibro cholerae a pandemic?
developing countries and areas with poor sanitation of water supply (flooding)
87
What type of organism is Francisella tularensis?
- small
- facultative anaerobe
- pleomorphic rod
88
How is Francisella tularensis transmitted?
- skin breaks
- inhalation
- ingestion
89
What happens when someone is infected by Francisella tularensis?
- starts as a localized infection
| - regional lymph nodes enlarge and fill with pus
90
What can Francisella tularensis lead to?
- septicemia
- pneumonia
- abscesses
91
What happens when Francisella tularensis is ingested from inadequately cooked meat?
lead to localized infection in mouth and throat
92
What is the most common way Francisella tularensis enters the body?
- minor skin abrasions
| - rubbing of the eyes after handling small wild mammals
93
How many bacteria can cause an infection of Francisella tularensis?
less than 10 bacteria can start an infection
94
Naturally acquired immunity is usually ______.
permanent
95
What vaccine is given to high risk people that could be exposed to Francisella tularensis?
attenuated live vaccine
96
What drugs can be used to treat Francisella tularensis?
- streptomycin
- gentamycin
- prolonged treatment
97
What is Francisella tularensis also known as?
Tularemia
98
What is pasteurella multocida also known as?
Pasteurellosis (zoonotic)
99
Where is pasteurella multocida found?
Wild and domestic animals can harbor this
100
What kind of organism is pasteurella multocida?
Shape?
G (-) rod
101
What does pasteurella multocida cause?
septicemia
102
How is pasteurella multocida transmitted?
Animal bites
103
What are the symptoms of pasteurella multocida?
- localized with severe swelling and pain at the site of the wound
- acute onset
104
How is pasteurella multocida treated?
- penicillin
| - tetracycline
105
What is Bartonella henselae also known as?
Cat scratch fever
106
What type of organism is Bartonella henselae?
Shape?
O2/no O2
- aerobic
- G(-) rod
- zoonotic
107
Where is Bartonella henselae found?
Commonly found on cats and in their saliva
108
How is cat scratch fever transmitted? (Bartonella henselae)
- Bite or scratch
- fleas
- putting an infected cat then rubbing eyes
109
What does Bartonella henselae cause?
- swelling of lymph nodes
- malaise
- fever
- can lead to endocarditis
110
Happens if a immunocompromised person is infected with Bartonella henselae?
Can spread to central nervous system, eyes, heart
111
How does Bartonella henselae usually affect the body?
Self-limiting
The body can usually get rid of it on its own
112
How can Bartonella henselae be treated?
Antibiotics
113
Campylobacter enteritis is a ___________ organism.
Zoonotic
114
What kind of organism is campylobacter jejuni?
Shape?
G(-) spirochete
115
What is the most common cause of diarrhea illness in the US?
Campylobacter
116
Where does campylobacter live?
GI inhabitant of ruminants, swine, poultry, dogs, cats
117
How is campylobacter transmitted?
Contaminated food or water
Raw milk
From bird to bird
118
How many cases of Campylobacter are there in the US every year?
~ 2.4 million cases
119
How many deaths are caused by Campylobacter every year in the US?
125 deaths a year
Young, immunocompromise
120
How do you control and prevent campylobacter?
- Cook food well
| - prevent cross-contamination
121
What type of organism is leptospirosis?
Shape?
- zoonotic
| - G(-) spirochete
122
What is leptospirosis also known as?
Leptospira interrogan
123
What does leptospirosis cause in humans?
- range from asymptomatic
- fever
- chills
- muscle pain
- jaundice
- rash
- CNS
- liver issues
- kidney issues
124
What does leptospirosis cause in animals?
- Subclinical
- fever
- icterus
- infertility
- abortion
125
How is leptospirosis contracted?
contact of a braided skin or mucous membranes with urine
- from infected animals or water, soil, or plants contaminated by urine
126
How is leptospirosis treated?
- doxycycline
- penicillin
- May need to be IV
127
Type of organism is Lyme disease?
Shape?
- zoonotic
| - G(-) spirochete
128
What is lyme disease also known as?
Borrelia burgdorferi
129
What are reservoirs for Lyme disease?
wildlife
130
What is a vector for Lyme disease?
Tick
131
What does Lyme disease cause in humans?
- erythema migraines
- fatigue
- fever
- headache
- muscle and joint pain
132
What does Lyme disease cause in animals?
- fever
- anorexia
- swollen lymph nodes
- lameness
- fatigue
133
How is lyme disease prevented?
- tick control
- keep shrubs away from house
- insect repellent
- protective clothing
- monitor for ticks
134
What is the best way we are we able to prevent animals from getting Lyme disease?
vaccination
135
How long does it take for a tick to transmit a disease?
about 4 hours
136
What is Yersinia pestis also known as?
the bubonic plague
137
What kind of organism is Yersinia pestis?
Shape?
O2/no O2
- G(-) rod
| - facultative anaerobe
138
What is one of the oldest zoonotic diseases that is still around?
The bubonic plague
| Yersinia pestis
139
What are the reservoirs for Yersinia pestis?
rodents
140
What are the vectors for Yersinia pestis?
fleas
141
How does Yersinia pestis affect humans?
| symptoms
- fever
- chills
- muscle pain
- nausea
- severe sore throat
- headache
- swollen lymph nodes
142
How does Yersinia pestis affect rodents?
become ill and die
143
What is the survival rate of bubonic plague?
better survival rates with antibiotics
144
How is Yersinia pestis prevented and controlled?
- prevent wild rodent access to food and shelter by having proper storage and disposal of food, garbage and refuse
145
How many cases of Yersinia pestis (the bubonic plague) are there in the US every year?
10-15
