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Microbiology > Microbiology Midterm > Flashcards

Microbiology Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology

A

The study of microorganisms and their effects on other organisms

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2
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms

A

Eukaryotic organisms have a nucleus. Prokaryotic organisms do not have a nucleus (nucleoid region instead)

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3
Q

Toxonomic Hierarchy

A

1) Domain 2) Kingdom 3) Phylum 3)Class 4) Order 5) Family 6) Genus 7) Species

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4
Q

3 Primary Domains

A

Bacteria, Archea, Eykarya

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5
Q

The Five Kingdoms

A

1) Monera - prokaryotes
2) Protista - eukaryotes
3) Fungi - eukaryotic, spore-producing
3) Plant - photosynthetic eukaryotes
4) Animal - complex multicellular, eukaryotic organisms

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6
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Microorganisms have two names and are named based on their characteristics. The first name is the Genus and the second name is its species

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7
Q

Bacteriology

A

Study of bacteria

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8
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungi

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9
Q

Protozoology

A

Study of Protozoa

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10
Q

Rickettsiology

A

Study of Rickettsia

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11
Q

Immunology

A

Study of the immune system

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12
Q

Characteristics of Bacterial Cells

A

1) prokaryotic
2) Single Celled
3) Multiply with Binary Fission

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13
Q

Basic Characteristics of Mycoplasma Bacteria

A

1) No cell wall
2) Smallest free-living organism

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14
Q

Basic Characteristics of Rickettsia Bacteria

A

1) Gram-negative
2) Intracellular (Lives inside other cell wall)
3) Spread by lice, fleas, ticks, and mites

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15
Q

Basic Characteristics of Chlamydia Bacteria

A

1) Nonmotile
2) Intracellular
3) Gram-Negative

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16
Q

Basic Characteristics of Protozoa

A

1) Eukaryotes
2) Single Celled
3) Simplest form of animals

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17
Q

Basic Characteristics of Fungal Organisms

A

1) eukaryotic,
2) non-vascular,
3) non-motile
4) heterotrophic

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18
Q

Basic Characteristics of a Virus

A

1) Microscope needed to see it
2) DNA or RNA
3) Intracellular

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19
Q

Basic Characteristics of a Prion

A

1) Protein
2) Highly resistant
3) Infectous
4) Alters other cells’ nucleus acids

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20
Q

Father of Microbiology

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
(observed microorganisms in water and other substances; first to observe red blood cells)

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21
Q

Compound Light Microscope

A

Used to identify bacteria

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22
Q

Electron Microscope

A

Used to identify viruses (due to their submicroscopic size)

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23
Q

Gram Staining Technique Reactions

A

1) Gram-Positive - cell wall is thick; purple when stained; killed by penicillin
2) Gram-Negative - (cell wall is thin; pink when stained’ penicillin-resistant

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24
Q

Differential Staining Techniques

A

1) Gram Staining
2) Acid-Fast Staining

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25
Q

Acid Fast Staining Technique Reaction

A

Cell-wall is very fatty
Not decolorized easily by acids after staining

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26
Q

Morphology

A

Study of shape ad form (without regard to function)

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27
Q

What is the unit of measure used to report the size of bacteria cells

A

Micrometers (um)

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28
Q

3 Primary Shapes of Bacterial Cells

A

1) Spherical
2) Rod-shaped
3) Spiral

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29
Q

Draw and describe a coccus bacterial cell

A

1)Spherical
2) causes strep, skin abcesses

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30
Q

Describe & draw a bacillus bacterial shell

A

1) Rod-shaped
2) Cause tetanus, anthrax

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31
Q

Describe & draw a 1) Vibrio, 2) spirochete, & 3) spirillum bacterial shell

A

1) Comma-shaped, gram negative
2)Helical (spiral), Rigid when in motion
3) Helical (spiral), Flexible when in motion

32
Q

Describe monomorphic vs pleomorphic bacterial cells, & which term best describes the majority of bacterial cells

A

1) monomorphic – Don’t change shape MOST CELLS
2) Pleomorphic – Change shape

33
Q

Diplococci

A

Cocci= remains in pairs after dividing

34
Q

Streptococci

A
  • spherical,chain arrangement
    -found in blood poisoning and strep throat
35
Q

Tetrads

A

Divide in 2 planes, remain in groups of 4

36
Q

Sarcinae

A

Spherical, divide in 3 planes, remain attached in cube-like groups of 8

37
Q

Staphylococci

A

Cocci, divide in multiple planes, form grape-like clusters

38
Q

Diplobacilli

A

Rod-shaped, divide across their short axis, remain in pairs after cell division

39
Q

Streptobacilli

A

Bacilli, divide across short axis, remain in chains

40
Q

Coccobacilli

A

Rod-shaped, oval, look like cocci (so called “coccobacilli”)

41
Q

Describe structures that some bacteria can produce external to the bacterial cell wall

A

1) Capsule/Glycocalyx
2) Flagella
3) Axial Filaments
4) Pili/Fimbriae

42
Q

Capsule/Glycocalyx

A

Sticky gelatinous coating, surrounds cell wall
- Resists phagocytosis (Too slimy to “eat”)
- example: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia)

43
Q

Flagella

A

Long whiplike filament that provides movement

44
Q

Types of Flagella

A
  1. Monotrichous – 1 flagellum
  2. Amphitrichous – 1 flagellum at both ends
  3. Lophotrichous – Bunch of flagella at 1 end
  4. Peritrichous – Entire surface covered in flagella
45
Q

Taxis

A

The movement of a bacterium toward/away from stimulus/environment

46
Q

Types of Taxis

A

1) Phototaxis: Stimulus= light
2) Chemotaxis: Stimulus= Chemicals

47
Q

Axial Filaments/ Endoflagella

A

Unique flagella –(Like ridges on licorice wand); They move in a corkscrew motion

48
Q

What bacterium has axial filaments/ endoflagella?

A

Spirochetes (spiral-shaped)
example: Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

49
Q

Pili/ Fimbriae

A

Grabs things (“attachment”)
Example: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)

50
Q

Describe important characteristics of the bacterial cell wall

A

1) Prevents bacteria from rupturing
2) maintains shape
3) point of anchorage for flagella
4) can cause disease (in humans)
5) site of action for antibiotics
6) Made of Peptoglycan (“chain-link fence” look)
7) Chemical composition can be used to differentiate types

51
Q

Describe characteristics of the Gram-positive cell wall

A

Purple (when stained), thick cell wall

52
Q

Describe characteristics of the Gram-negative cell wall

A

Pink (when stained), thin cell wall

53
Q

Identify a digestive enzyme that can cause damage to the bacterial cell wall

A

Lysozyme

54
Q

Protoplast

A

Cell whose cell wall was removed

55
Q

Spheroplast

A

What remains of a cell/its cell wall after being partly destroyed
[ex: by lysozyme]

56
Q

Describe the plasma membrane of a bacterial cell

A

1) Inside the cell wall
2) function: determine what substances enter/exit the cell
3) breaks down nutrients
3) produces ATP (energy)

57
Q

Describe the difference between a 1) passive and 2) active transport mechanism

A

1) Substance passes from area of high concentration to low concentration (no energy needed)
2) Substance passes from area of low concentration to high concentration (energy needed)

58
Q

Different Types of Transport Mechanisms

A

a. Simple diffusion - for small molecules
b. Facilitated diffusion - Needs a carrier protein to help it cross, but still NO energy required (“gets a ride”)
c. Osmosis - Only for water

59
Q

Describe what may happen to a bacterial cell in an isotonic solution

A

Equilibrium (solute outside cell= same concentration as inside)

60
Q

Describe what may happen to a bacterial cell in a Hypertonic solution

A

Will explode (solute outside cell= higher than inside cell)

61
Q

Describe what may happen to a bacterial cell in a Hypotonic solution

A

Will implode (solute outside cell= lower than inside cell)

62
Q

Active transport

A

Uses transporter proteins
Substance being transported is NOT chemically altered during transport

63
Q

Group translocation

A

Used by prokaryotic cells
Substance being transported is chemically altered during transport

64
Q

Describe the location of the cytoplasm for a prokaryotic cell

A

Inside plasma membrane – basically the whole inside of the cell (they’re basically the same thing)

65
Q

Describe the location of the cytoplasm for a eukaryotic cell

A

Everything around nucleus (inside plasma membrane)

66
Q

Describe the nuclear body

A

Protects/surrounds the nucleus
Other names: “Nuclear region,” “nucleoid”

67
Q

Describe the primary function of a bacterial ribosome

A

Create proteins (protein synthesis)

68
Q

Describe the function of bacterial inclusion bodies

A

“Temporary storage containers” – (Like when a squirrel stores nuts away for use in the winter when he needs them)

69
Q

What is the shape of an endospore?

A

Rod-shaped

70
Q

What is the Genera of an endospore

A

1)Clostridium
2) Bacillus

71
Q

What environmental conditions may cause endospore formation

A

1) Boiling
2) drying
3) radiation

72
Q

Other names for the process of endospore formation

A

1) “Sporulation,”
2) “sporogenesis”

73
Q

Another name for the non-spore state of the endospore-forming bacterium

A

Vegetative

74
Q

The process of an endospore returning to a vegetative state

A

Germination

75
Q

Describe endospore formation as either a reproductive or protective mechanism

A

Protective

Microbiology (22 decks)

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