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Microbiology > Microbiology 1 Quarter Final (COMPLETE) > Flashcards

Microbiology 1 Quarter Final (COMPLETE) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology

A

The study of microorganisms and their effects on other organisms

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2
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms

A

Eukaryotic organisms have a nucleus. Prokaryotic organisms do not have a nucleus (nucleoid region instead)

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3
Q

Toxonomic Hierarchy

A

1) Domain 2) Kingdom 3) Phylum 4)Class 5) Order 6) Family 7) Genus 8) Species

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4
Q

3 Primary Domains

A

Bacteria, Archea, Eykarya

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5
Q

The Five Kingdoms

A

1) Monera - prokaryotes
2) Protista - eukaryotes
3) Fungi - eukaryotic, spore-producing
4) Plant - photosynthetic eukaryotes
5) Animal - complex multicellular, eukaryotic organisms

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6
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Microorganisms have two names and are named based on their characteristics. The first name is the Genus and the second name is its species

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7
Q

Bacteriology

A

Study of bacteria

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8
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungi

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9
Q

Protozoology

A

Study of Protozoa

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10
Q

Rickettsiology

A

Study of Rickettsia

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11
Q

Immunology

A

Study of the immune system

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12
Q

Characteristics of Bacterial Cells

A

1) prokaryotic
2) Single Celled
3) Multiply with Binary Fission

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13
Q

Basic Characteristics of Mycoplasma Bacteria

A

1) No cell wall
2) Smallest free-living organism

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14
Q

Basic Characteristics of Rickettsia Bacteria

A

1) Gram-negative
2) Intracellular (Lives inside other cell wall)
3) Spread by lice, fleas, ticks, and mites

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15
Q

Basic Characteristics of Chlamydia Bacteria

A

1) Nonmotile
2) Intracellular
3) Gram-Negative

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16
Q

Basic Characteristics of Protozoa

A

1) Eukaryotes
2) Single Celled
3) Simplest form of animals

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17
Q

Basic Characteristics of Fungal Organisms

A

1) eukaryotic,
2) non-vascular,
3) non-motile
4) heterotrophic

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18
Q

Basic Characteristics of a Virus

A

1) Microscope needed to see it
2) DNA or RNA
3) Intracellular

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19
Q

Basic Characteristics of a Prion

A

1) Protein
2) Highly resistant
3) Infectous
4) Alters other cells’ nucleus acids

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20
Q

Father of Microbiology

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
(observed microorganisms in water and other substances; first to observe red blood cells)

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21
Q

Compound Light Microscope

A
  • Type of microscope used to identify bacteria
  • Has two or more lenses.
  • Magnification is achieved when light rays from an illuminator(light source) pass through a condenser, which has lenses that direct the light rays through the specimen
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22
Q

Electron Microscope

A

Used to identify viruses (due to their submicroscopic size)

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23
Q

Gram Staining Technique Reactions

A

1) Gram-Positive: cell wall is thick; purple (or blue) when stained; killed by penicillin
2) Gram-Negative: cell wall is thin; pink (or red) when stained; penicillin-resistant

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24
Q

Differential Staining Techniques

A

1) Gram Staining
2) Acid-Fast Staining
- Differential Stains react differently with different kinds of bacteria and thus can be used to distinguish different types of bacteria.

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25
Q

Acid Fast Staining Technique Reaction

A
  • Cell-wall is very fatty
  • Not decolorized easily by acids after staining
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26
Q

Morphology

A

Study of shape and form (without regard to function)

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27
Q

What is the unit of measure used to report the size of bacteria cells

A

Micrometers (um)

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28
Q

3 Primary Shapes of Bacterial Cells

A

1) Spherical
2) Rod-shaped
3) Spiral

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29
Q

Describe a coccus bacterial cell

A
  • Spherical
  • Causes strep, skin abcesses
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30
Q

Describe a bacillus bacterial cell

A
  • Rod-shaped
  • Cause tetanus, anthrax
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31
Q

Describe 1) Vibrio, 2) spirochete, & 3) spirillum bacterial shell

A
  • Vibrio:Comma-shaped, gram negative
  • Spirochete: Helical (spiral), Rigid when in motion
  • Spirillum: Helical (spiral), Flexible when in motion
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32
Q

Describe monomorphic vs pleomorphic bacterial cells, & which term best describes the majority of bacterial cells

A

1) monomorphic – Don’t change shape MOST CELLS
2) Pleomorphic – Change shape

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33
Q

Diplococci

A

Spherical and remain in pairs after dividing

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34
Q

Streptococci

A
  • spherical,chain arrangement

(found in blood poisoning and strep throat)

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35
Q

Tetrads

A

Divide in 2 planes, remain in groups of 4

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36
Q

Sarcinae

A

Spherical, divide in 3 planes, remain attached in cube-like groups of 8

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37
Q

Staphylococci

A

Spherical, divide in multiple planes, form grape-like clusters

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38
Q

Diplobacilli

A

Rod-shaped, divide across their short axis, remain in pairs after cell division

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39
Q

Streptobacilli

A

Bacilli, divide across short axis, remain in chains

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40
Q

Coccobacilli

A

Rod-shaped, oval, look like cocci (so called “coccobacilli”)

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41
Q

Describe structures that some bacteria can produce external to the bacterial cell wall

A

1) Capsule/Glycocalyx
2) Flagella
3) Axial Filaments
4) Pili/Fimbriae

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42
Q

Capsule/Glycocalyx

A

Sticky gelatinous coating, surrounds cell wall
- Resists phagocytosis (Too slimy to “eat”)
- example: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia)

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43
Q

Flagella

A

Long whiplike filament that provides movement

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44
Q

Types of Flagella

A
  1. Monotrichous – 1 flagellum
  2. Amphitrichous – 1 flagellum at both ends
  3. Lophotrichous – Bunch of flagella at 1 end
  4. Peritrichous – Entire surface covered in flagella
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45
Q

Taxis

A

The movement of a bacterium toward/away from stimulus/environment

46
Q

Types of Taxis

A

1) Phototaxis: Stimulus= light
2) Chemotaxis: Stimulus= Chemicals

47
Q

Axial Filaments/ Endoflagella

A

Unique flagella –(Like ridges on licorice wand); They move in a corkscrew motion

48
Q

What bacterium has axial filaments/ endoflagella?

A

Spirochetes (spiral-shaped)
example: Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

49
Q

Pili/ Fimbriae

A

Grabs things (“attachment”)
Example: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)

50
Q

Describe important characteristics of the bacterial cell wall

A

1) Prevents bacteria from rupturing
2) maintains shape
3) point of anchorage for flagella
4) can cause disease (in humans)
5) site of action for antibiotics
6) Made of Peptoglycan (“chain-link fence” look)
7) Chemical composition can be used to differentiate types

51
Q

Describe characteristics of the Gram-positive cell wall

A

Purple (when stained), thick cell wall

52
Q

Describe characteristics of the Gram-negative cell wall

A

Pink (when stained), thin cell wall

53
Q

Identify a digestive enzyme that can cause damage to the bacterial cell wall

A

Lysozyme

54
Q

Protoplast

A

Cell whose cell wall was removed

55
Q

Spheroplast

A

What remains of a cell/its cell wall after being partly destroyed
[ex: by lysozyme]

56
Q

Describe the plasma membrane of a bacterial cell

A

1) Inside the cell wall
2) function: determine what substances enter/exit the cell
3) breaks down nutrients
4) produces ATP (energy)

57
Q

Describe the difference between a 1) passive and 2) active transport mechanism

A

1) Substance passes from area of high concentration to low concentration (no energy needed)
2) Substance passes from area of low concentration to high concentration (energy needed)

58
Q

Different Types of Transport Mechanisms

A

a. Simple diffusion - for small molecules
b. Facilitated diffusion - Needs a carrier protein to help it cross, but still NO energy required (“gets a ride”)
c. Osmosis - Only for water

59
Q

Describe what may happen to a bacterial cell in an isotonic solution

A

Equilibrium (solute outside cell= same concentration as inside)

60
Q

Describe what may happen to a bacterial cell in a Hypertonic solution

A

Will explode (solute outside cell= higher than inside cell)

61
Q

Describe what may happen to a bacterial cell in a Hypotonic solution

A

Will implode (solute outside cell= lower than inside cell)

62
Q

Active transport

A

Uses transporter proteins
Substance being transported is NOT chemically altered during transport

63
Q

Group translocation

A

Used by prokaryotic cells
Substance being transported is chemically altered during transport

64
Q

Describe the location of the cytoplasm for a prokaryotic cell

A

Inside plasma membrane – basically the whole inside of the cell (they’re basically the same thing)

65
Q

Describe the location of the cytoplasm for a eukaryotic cell

A

Everything around nucleus (inside plasma membrane)

66
Q

Describe the nuclear body

A

Protects/surrounds the nucleus
Other names: “Nuclear region,” “nucleoid”

67
Q

Describe the primary function of a bacterial ribosome

A

Create proteins (protein synthesis)

68
Q

Describe the function of bacterial inclusion bodies

A

“Temporary storage containers” – (Like when a squirrel stores nuts away for use in the winter when he needs them)

69
Q

What is the shape of an endospore?

A

Rod-shaped

70
Q

What is the Genera of an endospore

A

1)Clostridium
2) Bacillus

71
Q

What environmental conditions may cause endospore formation

A

1) Boiling
2) drying
3) radiation

72
Q

Other names for the process of endospore formation

A

1) “Sporulation,”
2) “sporogenesis”

73
Q

Another name for the non-spore state of the endospore-forming bacterium

A

Vegetative

74
Q

The process of an endospore returning to a vegetative state

A

Germination

75
Q

Describe endospore formation as either a reproductive or protective mechanism

A

Protective

76
Q

Autotrophic

A

Self-nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds
- obtaining nutrition of carbon in CO2
- ex. Cyanobacteria (largest group of autotrophic bacteria)

77
Q

Heterotrophic Bacteria

A

require complex organic food from a carbon source to grow and develop
* Cause many diseases in humans

78
Q

Categories of heterotrophic bacteria

A

Strict/Obligate parasite
Strict/Obligate saprophyte
Facultative Bacteria (2 types)

79
Q

Strict/Obligate saprophyte

A

organisms that only survive on dead or decaying organic matter

80
Q

Facultative bacteria

A

can adapt to differing sources of nutrition

81
Q

Strict/Obligate Parasites

A

completely dependent on their living host for the nutrients they need to survive
ex. all viruses, viroids,& prions

82
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

microorganisms that can only live in the presence of oxygen, because they need oxygen to metabolise sugars
ex. Bacillus (genera)

83
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

microbes that can only survive in an environment devoid of oxygen
ex. C perfringens, listeria, Clostridium botulinum

84
Q

Microaerophile

A

require little free oxygen (2-10%)

85
Q

Capnophlie

A

microorganisms that thrive in the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2)

86
Q

Psychrophile

A

bacteria that prefer cold
- (0-25 C) or (32-77 F)

87
Q

Mesophile

A

bacteria that prefer moderate temperatures
- (25-40 C) or (77-104 F)

88
Q

Thermophile

A

bacteria that prefer high temperatures
- (40-7- C) or (104-158 F)

89
Q

Minimum growth temperature

A

the temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place

90
Q

Maximum growth temperature

A

the temperature above which bacterial growth will not take place

91
Q

Optimum growth temperature

A

the temperature at which bacteria grow the best

92
Q

Describe the optimum pH range for the growth of most bacteria

A

Bacteria that cause disease in humans thrive at a 7 pH because that is the body’s pH

93
Q

Discuss osmotic pressure and the bacterial cell

A

Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent the net flow of water across a semipermeable membrane
- the resulting flow of water can cause the cell to shrink or swell and even burst.

94
Q

Binary fission/Simple Transverse Fission

A

a method of asexual reproduction in bacteria
- the cell spits into two parts, each part develops into a complete individual

95
Q

Bacterial Colony

A

a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism

96
Q

Generation time

A
  • rate of exponential growth of a bacterial culture
  • the average interval between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring.
97
Q

bacterial growth calculation

A

G=t/n
Generation time (G) is defined as the time (t) per generation (n = number of generations).

98
Q

Pure Colony

A

a colony grown from a single parent cell.

99
Q

Mixed Colony

A

Colony that contains more than one type of organism growing in a medium

100
Q

Moisture/Water requirements for bacteria

A
  • ALL microorganisms require moisture
  • each organism has a max,minimum, and optimum amount for life
  • bacteria that cause diseases in humans need high levels of moisture to grow
  • Mold and yeast that cause diseases in humans need low levels of moisture to grow
101
Q

Carbon

A

Main constituent of cellular material

102
Q

Other nutrient requirements for bacteria

A

carbon, oxygen, Nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, copper, molybdenum, and zinc

103
Q

Facultative parasite

A

an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle

104
Q

Facultative saprophyte

A

an organism that usually obtains its nourishment from the living matter. But sometimes it can also obtain its nourishment from dead organic matter.

105
Q

Facultative aerobe

A

Do not prefer oxygen but can go without if forced to

106
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

prefer oxygen but can go without it if forced to

107
Q

objective lenses

A

From the specimen, light rays pass into the objective lenses, the lenses closest to the specimen

108
Q

ocular lens

A

eyepiece of microscope

109
Q

Calculate the total magnification/power of a microscope

A

multiplying the objective lens
magnification by the ocular lens magnification

110
Q

Resolution

A
  • ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure or distinguish two points a specified distance apart
  • Shorter the wavelength of the light source used in the microscope the greater the resolution
111
Q

Refractive index

A
  • a measure of the light-bending ability of a medium
    -change the refractive index of specimens by staining them
112
Q

Simple Stain

A

An aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye
Highlight the entire microorganism

Microbiology (22 decks)

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