Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 1 2019 First Aid Flashcards > Micro FA Systems p178 - 186 > Flashcards

Micro FA Systems p178 - 186 Flashcards

1
Q

T or F Neonates delivered by C section have no bacterial flora

A

T - Neonates delivered by C-section have no flora but are rapidly colonized after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which bact cause fast and furious food poisoning? (starts and ends quickly)

A

B. cereus

S. aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pathogens causing bloody diarrhea

A

Campylobacter, E. histolytica, EHEC, EIEC, Salmonella, Shigella, Y. enterocolitica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bact causing watery diarrhea

A

C Diff, C perfringens, ETEC, V cholerae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Protozoa causing watery diarrhea

A

Giardia, Cryptosporidium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Viruses causing watery diarrhea

A

Rotavirus, norovirus, enteric adenovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Most common cause of pneumonia in neonates (<4wk)

A

Group B streptococci E coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Most common cause of pneumonia in children?

A

Viruses (RSV)

  • *M**ycoplasma
  • *C** trachomatis (infants–3 yr)
  • *C** pneumoniae (school-aged children)
  • *S p**neumoniae

Runts May Cough Chunky Sputum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most common cause of pneumonia in adults (18-40)

A

Mycoplasma C pneumoniae S pneumoniae Viruses (eg, influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pneumonia in adults (40-65)

A

S pneumoniae H influenzae Anaerobes Viruses Mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes on pneumonia in elderly

A

S pneumoniae Influenza virus Anaerobes H influenzae Gram ⊝ rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of pneumonia in Alcoholics

A

Klebsiella, anaerobes usually due to aspiration (eg, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Bacteroides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pneumonia in IV drug users?

A

S pneumo

S aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Aspiration pneumonia cause

A

anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of atypical pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila, Legionella, viruses (RSV, CMV, influenza, adenovirus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pneumonia in CF pts

A

Pseudomonas, S aureus, S pneumoniae, Burkholderia cepacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Immunocompromised pts - causes of pneumonia

A

S aureus, enteric gram ⊝ rods, fungi, viruses, P jirovecii (with HIV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

S aureus
Pseudomonas
other G- enteric rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Post viral pneumonia

A

S pneumo
S aureus
H influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do we give for meningitis? What do we add if Listeria is suspected?

A

Give ceftriaxone and vancomycin empirically (add ampicillin if Listeria is suspected).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Viral causes of meningitis?

A
  • enteroviruses (Polio, Echo, Coxsackie virus),
  • HSV-2 (HSV-1 = encephalitis), VZV.
  • HIV,
  • West Nile virus (also causes encephalitis),
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Common causes of meningitis in newborns (0-6mo)

A

Group B streptococci
E coli
Listeria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Meningitis causes in children (6mo - 6yr)

A

S pneumoniae
N meningitidis
H influenzae type b
Enteroviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Meningitis causes in 6-60yrs

A

S pneumoniae
N meningitidis
Enteroviruses
HSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Number 1 cause of meningitis in teens

A

Neisseria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Meningitis causes in elderly (60 +)

A

S pneumo
G- rods
Listeria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

CSF findings in meningitis

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Most common causes of brain abscess

A

viridans streptococci
S aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where do temporal lobe & cerebellum / frontal lobe abscesses transfer from?

A

otitis media and mastoiditis –> temporal lobe and cerebellum; sinusitis or dental infection –> frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Brain abscess in AIDS pt caused by?

A

Toxoplasma activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Most common cause overall of osteomyelitis

A

S aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Osteomyelitis in sexual active person?

A

Neisseria gon (but rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sickle cell osteomyelitis

A

Salmonella
S aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Prosthetic joint replacement osteomyelitis

A

S aureus and S epidermidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Osteomyelitis in the vertebrae

A

S aureus

Pott disease (Myco Tb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Osteomyelitis assoc w/ cat/dog bite

A

Pasteurella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Osteomyelitis assoc w/ IV drug use

A

S aureus
Pseudomonas
Candida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Testing for Osteomyelitis

  1. Lab values
  2. Imaging
A

Elevated ESR and CRP sensitive but not specific. Radiographs are insensitive early but can be useful in chronic osteomyelitis MRI is best for detecting acute infection and detailing anatomic involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Sx of UTI

A

Cystitis presents with dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and WBCs (but not WBC casts) in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Presentation of pyelonephritis

A

. Ascension to kidney results in pyelonephritis, which presents with fever, chills, flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, hematuria, and WBC casts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Risk factors for UTI`

A

obstruction (eg, kidney stones, enlarged prostate), kidney surgery, catheterization, congenital GU malformation (eg, vesicoureteral reflux), diabetes, pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The leading cause of UTI? What growth medium is it grown on? What do the colonies look like?

A

Escherichia coli - Leading cause of UTI. Colonies show strong pink lactose-fermentation on MacConkey agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

⊕ Leukocyte esterase in UTI indicates what?

A

evidence of WBC activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

⊕ Nitrite test indicates what in UTI?

A

reduction of urinary nitrates by gram ⊝ bacterial species (eg, E coli).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Which UTI bugs produce urease

A

S saprophyticus, Proteus, Klebsiella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

2nd/ 3rd leading cause of UTI ?

A

s. saprophyticus
K pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

2 nosocomial causes of UTI

A

Serratia marscescens

Enterococcus
Pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Motility causes “swarming” on agar; associated with struvite stones.

A

Proteus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Blue-green pigment and fruity odor;

A

Pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Thin white vaginal discharge with fishy odor and bubbles

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

54
Q

What are clue cells?

A

vaginal epith cells covered with bacteria

55
Q

Tx for Bact vaginosis

A

Metronidazole

Clindamycin

56
Q

strawberry cervix, Frothy, yellow-green, foulsmelling discharge - Pathogen? shape of it?

A

Motile pear-shaped trichomonads (Trichomonas vaginalis)

57
Q

tx for Trichomonas?

A

Metronidazole

58
Q

strawberry cervix and Thick, white, “cottage cheese” discharge

A

Candida vulvovaginitis

59
Q

What makes one more prone to Candida infections?

A

DB, Antibiotic use, douches, pregnancy

60
Q

Diff in pH b/w Bact vaginosis, Trichomonas, and Candida

A

Normal pH in Candida

pH>4.5 in the other two

61
Q

Which of the TORCHES infections more commonly spreads via delivery > pregnancy?

62
Q

Parvo B19 causes what in utero?

A

hydrops fetalis

63
Q

Sx of Toxoplasma in mom/baby? Mode of maternal transmission?

A

Cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat
Maternal - Usually asymptomatic; lymphadenopathy (rarely)
Neonate - Classic triad: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications, +/− “blueberry muffin” rash

64
Q

Rubella - MoT? Maternal Sx? Neonate Sx?

A

Respiratory droplets
Maternal - Rash, lymphadenopathy, polyarthritis, polyarthralgia
Neonate - Classic triad: abnormalities of eye (cataracts B) and ear (deafness) and congenital heart disease (PDA); ± “blueberry muffin” rash. “I (eye) ♥ ruby (rubella) earrings”

65
Q

CMV - MoT? Maternal Sx? Neonate Sx?

A

Sexual contact, organ transplants
Maternal - Usually asymptomatic; mononucleosis-like illness
Neonate - Hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, “blueberry muffin” rash, chorioretinitis, periventricular calcifications C

66
Q

HIV - MoT? Maternal Sx? Neonate Sx?

A

Sexual contact, needlestick
Maternal - Variable presentation depending on CD4+ cell count
Neonate - Recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea

67
Q

HSV2 - MoT? Maternal Sx? Neonate Sx?

A

Skin or mucous membrane contact
Maternal - Usually asymptomatic; herpetic (vesicular) lesions
Neonate - Meningoencephalitis, herpetic (vesicular) lesions

68
Q

Syphilis - MoT? Maternal Sx? Neonate Sx?

A

Sexual contact
Maternal - Chancre (1°) and disseminated rash (2°) are the two stages likely to result in fetal infection
Neonate - Often results in stillbirth, hydrops fetalis; if child survives, presents with facial abnormalities (eg, notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla), saber shins, CN VIII deafness

69
Q

Present with rashes of palms and soles

A

TSST of S aureus
Syphilis
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Coxsackie A

70
Q

Oval-shaped vesicles on palms and soles A; vesicles and ulcers in oral mucosa

A

Coxsackievirus type A Hand-foot-mouth disease

71
Q

Asymptomatic rose-colored macules appear on body after several days of high fever; can present with febrile seizures; usually affects infants

A

Human herpesvirus 6
Roseola (exanthem subitum)

72
Q

Confluent rash beginning at head and moving down; preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and blue-white spots on buccal mucos

A

Measles virus
Measles (rubeola)

73
Q

Coxsackie A - what family? DNA/RNA? What type? Envelope?

A

Picorna
SS+ linear RNA
Naked
Icosahedral capsid

74
Q

HHV6 - family? envelope? DNA/RNA?

A

dsDNA linear, enveloped, Herpes family

75
Q

Measles virus - Family? DNA/RNA? envelope?

A

Paramyxo; -SS linear enveloped, helical capsid

76
Q

Parvovirus - enveloped? DNA/RNA?

A

ss linear DNA naked virus

77
Q

Pink macules and papules begin at head and move down, remain discrete –> fine desquamating truncal rash; postauricular lymphadenopathy

78
Q

Rubella - family? DNA/RNA? envelope?

A

Togaviridae

SS+ linear RNA enveloped, icosahedral capsid

79
Q

Flushed cheeks and circumoral pallor on face; erythematous, sandpaper-like rash from neck to trunk and extremities; fever and sore throat

A

S. pyogenes

80
Q

S pyogenes -
Catalase +/-?
what type of hemolysis?
sensitive to what?

A

Catalase neg
Beta hemolytic
Bacitracin sensitive

81
Q

Vesicular rash begins on trunk; spreads to face and extremities with lesions of different stages

82
Q

Neonatal conjuctivitis - 1-2 days. Nonpurulent watery discharge.

A

Chemical - Irritation from antibiotic ointment.

83
Q

Neonate - 2-5+ days. Hyperacute conjunctivitis, marked conjunctival injection, lid swelling, profuse purulent discharge. Rapid corneal involvement may be blinding. May disseminate.

84
Q

Neonatal conjunctivitis - 5-14 days. Most common etiology. Mild to severe hyperemia, thick mucopurulent discharge, possibly bloody.

85
Q

Neonatal conjunctivitis - Days to 6 weeks. Conjunctival injection, nonpurulent discharge; keratitis, vesicular skin lesions, disseminated infection.

86
Q

Painful genital ulcer with exudate, inguinal adenopathy

A

H. ducreyi chancroid

87
Q

Urethritis, cervicitis, epididymitis, conjunctivitis, reactive arthritis, PID

A

Chlamydia trachomatis (D–K)

88
Q

Genital warts, koilocytes

A

Condylomata acuminata
HPV 6, 11

89
Q

Painful penile, vulvar, or cervical vesicles and ulcers; can cause systemic symptoms such as fever, headache, myalgia

A

HSV2 (HSV1)

90
Q

Urethritis, cervicitis, PID, prostatitis, epididymitis, arthritis, creamy purulent discharge

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

91
Q

Painless, beefy red ulcer that bleeds readily on contact

A

Granuloma inguinale
Klebsiella (Calymmatobacterium) granulomatis

92
Q

What are Donovan bodies?

A

macrophages that are large and vacuolated centrally - bipolar staining - in Klebsiella granulomatis

93
Q

Infection of lymphatics; painless genital ulcers, painful lymphadenopathy (ie, buboes

A

Lymphogranuloma venereum

C trachomatis (L1–L3)

94
Q

Vaginitis, strawberry cervix, motile in wet prep

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

95
Q

most common bacterial STI in the United States

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

96
Q

cervical motion tenderness, adnexal tenderness, purulent cervical discharge

A

C trachomatis PID

97
Q

infection and inflammation of liver capsule and “violin string” adhesions of peritoneum to liver

A

Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome - perihepatitis

98
Q

Most common causes of nosocomial infections

A

E coli (UTI) and S aureus (wound infection) are the two most common causes.

99
Q

Watery diarrhea, leukocytosis rel to Antibiotic use, pathogen? Tx?

A

C. Diff , Metronidazole

100
Q

Right lower lobe infiltrate or right upper/ middle lobe (patient recumbent); purulent malodorous sputum - disease? cause?

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Polymicrobial, gram ⊝ bacteria, often anaerobes

101
Q

Decubitus ulcers, surgical wounds, drains - puts one at risk for infections with?

A

S aureus (including MRSA), gram ⊝ anaerobes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, Fusobacterium

102
Q

Intravascular catheters - pathogens?

A

S aureus (including MRSA), S epidermidis (long term), Enterobacter

103
Q

New infiltrate on CXR, Inc sputum production; sweet odor in pt wtih mech ventilations

A

Pseudomonas

104
Q

Pt with mech ventilators are also at risk for?

A

Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, S aureus

105
Q

Urinary Cath infection - pathogens?

A

Proteus spp, E coli, Klebsiella (infections in your PEcKer)

106
Q

Disease assoc with water aerosols?

A

Legionella

107
Q

Two rashes that affect unvacc children?

A

Rubella, Measles

108
Q

3 pathogens that can lead to neuro sx in unvacc children?

A

H influ
Polio
C. tenani

109
Q

Fever with dysphagia, drooling, and difficulty breathing due to edematous “cherry red” epiglottis; “thumbprint sign” on x-ray in unvacc child

A

H. influ type B

110
Q

Low-grade fevers, coryza, inspiratory stridor, post-tussive vomiting in unvacc child

A

Bordetella Pertussis

111
Q

grayish membrane on throat, that bleeds when disturbed in unvacc child

A

C. diphteriae

112
Q

Asplenic patients

A

Encapsulated microbes, especially SHiN (S pneumoniae >> H influenzae type b > N meningitidis

113
Q

Branching rods in oral infection, sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

114
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease

A

Catalase ⊕ microbes, especially S aureus

115
Q

“Currant jelly” sputum

A

Klebsiella

116
Q

Dog or cat bite

A

Pasteurella multocida

117
Q

Facial nerve palsy (typically bilateral)

A

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

118
Q

Sinus/CNS infection in diabetics

A

Mucor or Rhizopus spp.

119
Q

Neutropenic patients

A

Candida albicans (systemic), Aspergillus

120
Q

Organ transplant recipient

121
Q

PAS ⊕

A

Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple disease)

122
Q

Pediatric infection

A

Haemophilus influenzae (including epiglottitis)

123
Q

Pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, burn infection

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

124
Q

Puncture wound, lockjaw

A

Clostridium tetani

125
Q

Pus, empyema, abscess

126
Q

Rash on hands and feet

A

Coxsackie A virus, T pallidum, R rickettsii

127
Q

Sepsis/meningitis in newborn

A

Group B strep

128
Q

Surgical wound

129
Q

Traumatic open wound

A

Clostridium perfringens

Step 1 2019 First Aid Flashcards (63 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions