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Step 1 2019 First Aid Flashcards > Gastro - FA Anat/Phys p352 - 369 > Flashcards

Gastro - FA Anat/Phys p352 - 369 Flashcards

1
Q

extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds but not covered by peritoneum is called?

A

Gastroschisis

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2
Q

Foregut encompasses what structures?

A

esophagus to first 1/2 of duodenum

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3
Q

With gastroschisis, what marker is increased?

A

alpha FP

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4
Q

Midgut encompasses what structures?

A

2nd 1/2 of duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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5
Q

Hindgut encompasses what structures?

A

distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal above pectinate line

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6
Q

persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord, sealed by peritoneum is called?

A

Omphalocele

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7
Q

omphalocele and gastroschisis are both due to what type of defective closure of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Lateral fold closure

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8
Q

Pectus excavatum or ectopia cordis due to what type of defective closure of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

rostral fold closure

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9
Q

Intestinal obstruction in newborn babies who have Down syndrome is due to failure to?

A

Duodenal atresia due to failure to recanalize. double bubble sign.

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10
Q

Ectopia vesicae is due to

A

bladder exstrophy is due to Caudal fold closure failure

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11
Q

Bonus q: polyhydramnios is seen with which congenital intestinal abnormalities? (DM mother)

A

-Anenecephaly - facial cleft - Duodenal atresia - Esophageal atresia - Tracheoesophageal fistula - Diaphragmatic hernias

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12
Q

Exstrophy of the bladder is associated with what other congenital anomaly?

A

Epispadias

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13
Q

After delivery of a cyanotic baby, doctor fails to pass nasogastric tube into stomach.

A

Clinical test for Tracheo-Esoph fistula

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14
Q

At — midgut herniates through umbilical ring.

A

6th week

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15
Q

Cyanosis in TEF is 2° — to avoid reflux-related aspiration.

A

laryngospasm

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16
Q

At — midgut returns to abdominal cavity + rotates around —-.

A

10th week SMA

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17
Q

Newborn drools or chokes with first feeding. On Xray, you see air in the stomach. Dx?

A

Trach-esoph fistula

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18
Q

Apple peel bowel on xray due to a disruption of what vessels?

A

mesenteric vessel disruption –> ischemic necrosis –> jejunal and ileal atresia.

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19
Q

Which Tracheoesophageal anomalies shows gasless abdomen on CXR?

A

In pure Esoph Atresia

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20
Q

3 Pathologies due to malrotation of midgut,

A
  • intestinal atresia or stenosis, - volvulus
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21
Q

—- abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum; Annular pancreas

A

ventral pancreatic bud

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22
Q

Pancreas divisum—ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at—–.

A

8 weeks

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23
Q

Spleen—arises in mesentery of stomach hence is —- but is supplied by —-.

A

mesodermal foregut, celiac artery.

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24
Q

what structures contribute to the pancreatic head?

A

Both the ventral and dorsal buds

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25
Q

Circumferential ectopic pancreatic tissue can cause what?

A

Stenosis of second part of duodenum

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26
Q

The dorsal pancreatic bud becomes which structures?

A

body, tail isthmus accessory pancreatic duct

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27
Q

Hepatoduodenal ligament encompasses what structures?

A

Portal triad: Proper hepatic artery Common bile duct Portal vein

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28
Q

—- ligament separates greater and lesser sacs on the right and — ligament separates greater and lesser sacs on the Left.

A

Gastrohepatic GastrospLenic

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29
Q

Describe the Pringle maneuver?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament compressed between thumb and index finger at the lesser border of omental foramen to control bleeding.

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30
Q

If after doing Pringle maneuver, bleeding continues, what could be the source of the bleed?

A

inferior vena cava or the hepatic vein

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31
Q

Which ligament may be cut during surgery to access lesser sac?

A

Gastrohepatic

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32
Q

Layer that contains Meissner nerve plexus and secretes fluid?

A

Submucosa

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33
Q

layer that contains Auerbach and is for motility?

A

Muscularis externa (Myenteric nerve plexus)

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34
Q

which GI structure has the fastest frequency of basal electric rhythm?

A

Duodenum—12 waves/min

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35
Q

T or F? Brunner glands are only found in duodenum.

A

T (hypertrophy)

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36
Q

which GI structure has the slowest frequency of basal electric rhythm?

A

Stomach—3 waves/min

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37
Q

Erosions are in which layer/s?

A

mucosa only

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38
Q

The only 2 digestive organs not containing crypts of Lieberkühn?

A

stomach and esophagus

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39
Q

Brunner glands location and function?

A

HCO3 secreting cells of submucosa of duodenum

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40
Q

Which structure has the largest number of goblet cells in the small intestine?

A

Ileum

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41
Q

T or F? Peyer patches are found in the same structure as where vit B12 is absorbed.

A

T

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42
Q

which structure has crypts of Lieberkühn but no villi?

A

Colon

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43
Q

Describe the Superior mesenteric artery syndrome?

A

occurs when the transverse portion (third part) of the duodenum is entrapped between SMA and aorta, causing intestinal obstruction.

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44
Q

“Bifourcation” of abdominal aorta happens at what level?

A

L4

45
Q

Arteries supplying GI structures branch —-. Arteries supplying non-GI structures branch —- .

A

anteriorly laterally

46
Q

Level of transverse portion (third part) of the duodenum?

A

L1 (Superior mesenteric artery syndrome)

47
Q

Level Inferior mesenteric artery?

A

L3

48
Q

Which nerve is affected in chagas dx?

A

parasympathetic branches of the vagus nerve

49
Q

splenic flexure is a watershed region between — and —-.

A

SMA and IMA

50
Q

upper portion of rectum is supplied by which artery?

A

IMA

51
Q

Due to failure of proper descent of hindgut?

A

Anal atresia/imperforate anus

52
Q

which organ has most susceptibility to infarction?

A

CNS (damage w/ 5 min) Heart (20-30m) Kidney/Spleen Liver and renal unlikely bc dual blood supply

53
Q

Which structures in the intestine contain stem cells?

A

crypts of Lieberkühn

54
Q

list the branches of the celiac trunk

A

Left gastric artery, splenic artery & common hepatic artery

55
Q

ulcer at the lesser curvature of the stomach will affect what artery?

A

L gastric a

56
Q

Epigastric pain that improves with meals and posterior ulcer, what artery could be damaged?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

57
Q

what anastomoses are seen in esophageal varices

A

left gastric & Azygous

58
Q

anastomoses between paraumbilical vein to small epigastric vein of the anterior abdominal wall is seen in what clinical sign

A

caput medusae

59
Q

what two pathology is seen above the pectinate line?

A

Adenocarcinoma & internal hemorrhoids

60
Q

why are internal hemorrhoids not painful

A

they receive visceral innervation and are therefore not painful

61
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage above the pectinate line

A

internal iliac l.n.

62
Q

what lymphatic drains the testes and ovaries

A

Para-aortic

63
Q

what pathology is seen below the pectinate line

A

ext hemorrhoids, squamous cell cancer, anal fissures

64
Q

lymphatic drainage below the pectinate line

A

superficial inguinal nodes

65
Q

what zone of the liver is first affected by viral hepatitis

A

periportal zone (zone 1)

66
Q

yellow fever targets what zone in the liver?

A

Zone 2

67
Q

what liver zone do you see the pericentral vein?

A

Zone 3

68
Q

what zone is the most sensitive to metabolic toxins

A

Zone 3

69
Q

what zone is the site for alcohol hepatitis

A

Zone 3

70
Q

Gall stones that block the common bile duct and pancreatic duct at the ampulla of Vater causes what two pathologies?

A

Cholangitis and pancreatitis

71
Q

what type of pathology is associated with the head of the pancreas that cause painless jaundice

A

Ductal adenocarcinoma (obstruct common bile duct)

72
Q

which structure is not found in the femoral sheath

A

femoral n

73
Q

Cremastic muscle and fascia comes from what inguinal canal structure?

A

Int oblique

74
Q

Transversals Fascia becomes what part of spermatic cord?

A

internal spermatic fascia

75
Q

External Oblique becomes

A

ext spermatic fascia

76
Q

defect of pleuroperitoneal membrane refers to what disease?

A

diaphragmatic hernia

77
Q

why does Diaphragmatic Hernia commonly occur on the left side?

A

due to the protection of the right Hemidiaphragm by the liver

78
Q

Hour Glass stomach refers to?

A

sliding hiatal hernia

79
Q

what is a complication of sliding hiatal hernia

A

GERD

80
Q

what kind of cancer is associated with Barret Esophagus?

A

Adenocarcinoma

81
Q

Fundus protruding into the thorax is seen in what pathology?

A

Paraesophageal Hernia

82
Q

Occurs in infants due to failure of the processus Vaginialis

A

indirect hernia

83
Q

what other pathology is associated with failure of process vaginalis

A

hydrocele

84
Q

what type of hernia is more common in females

A

femoral hernia

85
Q

what zone is affected by hemochromatosis

A

zone 1

86
Q

Which regulatory substances decrease gastric acid secretion?

A

somatostatin, secretin, GIP

87
Q

Which regulatory substance is produced by K cells?

A

GIP - glucose dep insulinotropic peptide

88
Q

What is motilin’s mech of action?

A

produces migrating motor complexes

89
Q

Fatty acids increase the release of which GI substances?

A

CCK, Secretin, GIP

90
Q

Amino acids increase the release of which GI substances

A

gastrin, CCK, GIP

91
Q

What hormone secreting tumor causes watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria?

A

VIP-oma

92
Q

Loss of NO secretion is related to which GI issue?

A

Inc LES tone of achalasia

93
Q

Where is VIP released from?

A

PNS ggl of sphincters, GB, and SI

94
Q

Which hormone inc/dec GB contraction?

A

CCK/Somatostatin

95
Q

Brunner glands of duod produce what?

A

HCO3-

96
Q

Enterochromaffin cells release what that cause inc in gastric acid secretion?

A

Histamine

97
Q

What stimulates enterochromaffin cells?

A

Gastrin

98
Q

What distinguishes GI mucosal damage from other forms of malabsorption?

A

D-xylusose absorption test

99
Q

What transporter is responsible for glucose and galactose uptake?

A

SGLT1

100
Q

How is fructose uptake done?

A

facilitated diffusion

101
Q

Where is Fe absorbed?

A

Absorbed as Fe2+ in duodenum

102
Q

Folate is absorbed in ?

A

SI

103
Q

M cells are located where? function?

A

in peyers patches; are antigen presenting cells

104
Q

Which IG is secreted from Peyer’s patches?

A

IgA

105
Q

rate limiting step of bile acid synthesis?

A

cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase

106
Q

Which GI hormone is increased by chronic PPI use?

A

Gastrin

107
Q

Octreotide is an analogue of what GI hormone, and is used to treat which pathologies?

A

Somatostatin, and used to treat acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, and variceal bleeding

108
Q

Which hormone is increased in Prader Willi syndrome?

A

Ghrelin (Inc appetite)

Step 1 2019 First Aid Flashcards (63 decks)

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