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Year 2 > Methods in Experimental Psychology > Flashcards

Methods in Experimental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

A word that means there’s always simple and a complex explanation in science

A

Parsimonious

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2
Q

What does a lot of bad science start with?

A

The complex explanation of the parsimonious model

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3
Q

bearded man followed by ducks
Imprinting
Ethologists like to explain behaviour with instincts
He made the point you have aggressive behaviour and that’s an instinct and that instinct causes aggression, and that demonstrates the aggressive instinct. Done.

A

Konrad lorenz

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4
Q

method of ____: Don’t like, based on beliefs basically, and you won’t win arguments if you ask someone about it because it’s an argument about their beliefs

A

method of tenacity

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5
Q

What did Popper say about theories?

A

If you want to put a theory down as bad, you have to be able to falsify it with evidence

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6
Q

what theory wins between two competing ones?

A

Simpler one wins and theory with most evidence to back it up

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7
Q
  • Richer countries focused on this before the 1980s, but now applied gets more funding
  • wanted to know the basic understandings about certain things in the world. Which good applied research is then based on
A

fundamental research

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8
Q
  • Used to be used mostly by poor countries/ countries that underfunded research
  • Richer countries focus on this over fundamental today
  • solving problem without any real theory
A

applied research

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9
Q

what type of research?

  • correlational (links b/w variables, can help generate hypothesis)
  • descriptive and observational
    - Case histories/ studies
    - Surveys , interviews
    • content analysis, meta-analysis
A

non-experimental

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10
Q

_____ approach to science
Top-down, theory driven
“Theory testing”

A

deductive

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11
Q

____ approach to science
Bottom up, Observation driven
“Theory building”

A

inductive

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12
Q

_____ research that uses a large number of subjects

A

nomothetic

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13
Q

______ research that uses a single case/ subject and is then repeated to test for validity

A

Idiographic

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14
Q

_____ research

- starts with theory, then addresses the theory

A

theoretical

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15
Q

_____ research
more common in applied sciences (don’t care as much about theory but trying to solve a problem
- might have to go back to test theories

A

A- theoretical (data-driven)

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16
Q

______

  • science based on historical data
  • how things change over time
A

diachronic

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17
Q

______

- science based on here and now

A

Synchronic

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18
Q

Is qualitative data or quantitative data more dependable/ scientifically valid?

A

Quantitative data

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19
Q

Explain Small n research

Why large number of subjects is good, why small number is good

A

A lot of scientists say if you really want a good experiment, more subjects the better
Principle behind this? → your sample should be representative of population, larger sample, better representative
Problem with this: produces science to an average
Comparing average of control, with average of experimental group
Participants contribute to average, but individuals are lost
Maybe sometimes we should focus on individual case more
Gordon - we study personality, and tests, based on data of people in groups of 1000 or more. Study the person.

Why don’t outliers do what the general pop do.

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20
Q

Type of research:
count steps, words, Donald trump is prime subject(vocab limit) Maybe he
has dementia, as vocab since 90s has narrowed

A

content analysis

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21
Q

Type of research:
Vitamin d - heart health
Correlational data by itself to see that maybe a correlation, then test in an experimental setting

A

Correlational

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22
Q

Type of research ______
- take bunch of studies answering same question, put together, make a large
study from all independent studies. See patterns emerging
St john’s wort, better than placebo/ some antidepressants
Did meta-analysis - indeed effect is there

A

meta-analysis

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23
Q

Type of research____
used in hospital a lot
Some is good, quantitative, experimental
But some is not.
H.M. amnesia case. Phineas gage - rod in brain -
Rare cases especially are useful, bc you get from this case you wouldn’t otherwise bc it’s rare and or unethical to promote
- surveys and interviews

A

case studies

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24
Q

non-experimental research, ______: non-intrusive, make sure animals not aware researcher is there.

A

Naturalistic observations:

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25
Q

Start studying animals, tribes, live with for awhile and hope they forget about you, think of you as part of your group
Problem with this approach, it’s hard to argue your presence as an outsider is not going to influence behaviour. But it will still probably get interesting data

A

participant observation

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26
Q

what is ecological validity

A

an experiment has ecological validity if it reflect real-life situations or the data that would be obtained in real life settings

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27
Q

Define the “detection” part of psychophysics

A

s it there or not; a fluke or not; disease or not

And there are different levels of detection with this

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28
Q

Define the “discrimmination” part of psychophysics

A

Comparing something; choice or many different choice and you make a decision based on these choices

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29
Q

Define the “identification” part of psychophysics

A

requires a name for stimulus or stimuli

commiting to saying you understand what it is

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30
Q

define the “scale” part of psychophysics

A

How much of it”; gradients
SDT will apply to the first 3 processing types
Tell me beyond a threshold if its there or not. We all know its there, but how much of it is there is what i’m asking
To be clear on what the threshold is

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31
Q

What are the 4 basic elements of signal detection theory (SDT)

A
  1. signals
  2. response
  3. noise
  4. response bias
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32
Q

describe the “signals” part of SDT?

A

signals coming from the stimulus; the object; the target

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33
Q

describe the “response” part of SDT?

A

how do you know something is going on; the action or decision made

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34
Q

describe the “noise” part of SDT?

A

he “uncertainty” factor, the interference (intrinsic or extrinsic)

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35
Q

describe the “response bias” part of SDT?

A

the bias from the decision maker, the responder (receiver)

Can be “liberal or conservative”

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36
Q

Describe the evolution of Group-selection theory

A

thesis (early years): group selection theory
antithesis (later years): kin selection theory
synthesis (modern) : multi-level selection

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37
Q

What is the method of intuition based on?

what is it used for?

A

a hunch or gut feeling

sometimes used to create a hypothesis

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38
Q

What is the method of faith based on?

A 
common beliefs "everyone knows that"
from authority (not always experts) and we don't question it
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39
Q

What is the method of authority

A

looking at research vs doing research

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40
Q

What is the rational method?

What is it useful for?

A

using logical reasoning for thought experiments

essential in planning of research designs and useful on a scientific panel

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41
Q

what is the main method of verification of theories?

A

falsibility

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42
Q

Who died with hid theory that dogs didnt come from wolves?

A

Kuhn

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43
Q

When is small sample sized research important

A

when studying differences in people, we don’t wnt a group average

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44
Q

data that sparks interest in a question by having outliers that may or may not be flukes

A

ancedotal data

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45
Q

the ability to reflect real-life situations or data that would eb obtained in real-life settings

A

ecological validility

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46
Q

abductive appraoche where you use prior konwledge to make an educated guess. Often used by family practitioners

A

bayesian approach

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47
Q

accuracy is measured on ROC curve by ____

A

d’

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48
Q

observers bias is measured on the ROC curve by the ____

A

criterion or c or beta

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49
Q

when d ‘ is ___ it is harder to detect or discrimminate

A

when d’ is small

50
Q

When is SDT and ROC curves irrelevent

A

when the curves of noise and stimulus do not overlap

51
Q

a person who says yes is ___

A

liberal

52
Q

a person who says no easily is ______

A

conservative

53
Q

d’ equation for detectability

A

d’ = Z(hits) - Z (false alarms)

54
Q

d’ equation for discrimmination

A

d’ = (Z (hit) - Z (flase alarms))/ 2^0.5`

55
Q

what are discrimmination curves on ROC

A

stimulus 1 vs stimulus 2

56
Q

what are the detection curves on ROC

A

noise vs (noise + simulus)

57
Q

the correct rejection rate (true negative rate TNR)

A

specificity

58
Q

the hit rate (True positive rate (TPR)

A

sensitivity

59
Q

Type 1 errors are also called

A

false alarms

60
Q

Type 2 errors are also called

A

misses

61
Q

low type 1 error indicates

A

high specificity

62
Q

high type 1 error indicates

A

low specificity

63
Q

low type 2 errors indicate

A

high sensitvity

64
Q

high type 2 errors indicate

A

low sensitivity

65
Q

validility = constant error = ____

A

accuracy

66
Q

validility = variable error

A

precision

67
Q

repeatability vs reproducibility

A 
repeatability= same conditions and short time range 
reproducability = different conditinos same outcome over long time range
68
Q

symptoms and diagnositic criteria ___ validility

A

content

69
Q

correlatinos and reponse to treatment ____ validility

A

concurrent

70
Q

diagnositic stability over time ____vailidility

A

predictive

71
Q

can it discrimminate between disorders ____ validility

A

discrimminate validility

72
Q

the validility of a diagnosis

A

diagnostic validility

73
Q

association between a predictor and an outcome variabe is an _______ study

A

oberservational

74
Q

detection/ discrimmination between “yes” or “no” –> more than association, is a ____ study

A

diagnostic

75
Q

accuracy is a balance of ___ and ___

A

sensitivity and specificity

76
Q

while diagnosing:

if prevalance is low tests need to be _____

A

specific

77
Q

while diagnosing

if prevalance is high tests need to be ______

A

sensitive

78
Q

while diagnosing what is prior probability

A

the base rate, the probability of this person getting a disease based on their background

79
Q

while diagnosing what is the predictive value

A

the liklihood of a positive or negative tests

80
Q

the act of giving a misleading impression

A

a distortion

81
Q

what is the distortion rule

A

procedures used to make observations should not introduce distortions

82
Q

what can distortions come from

A

insturments
oberserver/experimenters
sampling procedures
environment

83
Q

a set of laws/traditions that form a scientific tradition

A

paradigm

84
Q

a collection of hypotheses about a specific a

A

theory

85
Q

a specific implementation of a theory

A

a model

86
Q

a general “fact” that is accepted; not always tested

A

principle

87
Q

a generally accepted process or pattern

A

a rule

88
Q

substantially verified theory

A

a law

89
Q

a testable statement about the statement about the relationship between variables

A

a hypothesis

90
Q

the steps fo defining a theory

A
  1. defining the scope
  2. reviewing the literature
  3. formulating the theory
  4. establishing predictive validility
  5. testing the theory empirically
91
Q

variables that cannot be observed directly and not observed initially.
inferred from the data as a link between other variables

A

intervening variables

92
Q

describe strong inferences

A

developing several alternative theories and testing all prefictions; works well in highly controlled studies

93
Q

describe severe experimental testing

A

error detection and correction

progress from the identification of errors

94
Q

ostensive definitions

A

phenomena to be obersved shuld be carefully describes (graphically, photographically, ect) and examples given

95
Q

rate the scales of measurement from least information yielded to most information yielded

A

nominal –> ordinal –> interval –> ratio

96
Q

what are the quantitative scales of measurement? What are the qualitative scales of measurement?

A

quantitative: interval and ratio scales
qualitative: nominal and ordinal scales

97
Q

what are the differences between the interval and ratio scales?

A

the interval scales is less mathematical, has no absolute zero
the ratio scale has an absolute zero and 70= 0.5 x 140

98
Q

what is a quantitative independent variable

A

a treatment that differs in frequency, amount, or degree

99
Q

what is a qualitative independent variable?

A

the different kinds of treatment

100
Q

what is a quantitative dependent variable

A

the score or duration observed

101
Q

what is a qualitative dependent variable

A

the special procedure needed as a response observed

102
Q

a threatening variable with obscuring factors that has an impact on the dependent variable; you have no control over this. We assume it will not impact data

A

an extraneous variable

103
Q

an extraneous variable that can inadvertently affect another experimental variable. this WILL impact data

A

a confounding variable

104
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

the participants own experiences changing their behaviour during an experiement

105
Q

what types of subjects do researchers want

A

faithful subjects

106
Q

what is a nocebo effect

A

the opposite of placebo (treatment has positive effect based on participants positive expectations), treatment has more negative effect because of the expectations of the treatment

107
Q

what is placebo effect

A

treatment has positive effect based on participants positive expectations

108
Q

what is the unrelated-experiment technique

A

same participants, two studies that the participants do not believe are related, where we give the independent variable to the subjects in one experiment, and give the dependent variable to subjects in another experiment

109
Q

explain experimental-expectancy control groups

A

3 groups of researchers lead 3 different groups into believing three different results of the independent variable, one with the experimental outcome, one with another experimental outcome, one with no effect, to determine the effect of subject expectation

110
Q

the ideal method of sampling

A

random sampling

111
Q

what is stratified sampling? random or non-random?

A

random; sample within segments of the population ex: age, gender, ect

112
Q

what is clustered sampling? random or non-random?

A

random; sampling from naturally occurring units of individuals ex: students in a class

113
Q

what is proportionate sampling? random or non-random?

A

random; sampling that avoids over-representation in one area or segment of the population

114
Q

what is haphazard sampling? random or non-random?

A

non-random; might look random but isn’t ex: grabbing fish from a fish tank

115
Q

what is convinence sampling? random or non-random?

A

non-random; drawing samples from population close to you

116
Q

what is volunteer-sampling? random or non-random?

A

non-random; sampling that is a self-selection process; participants are more likely more outgoing or possess common traits that made them volunteer

117
Q

what is systematic sampling? random or non-random?

A

non-random, every nth element chosen, not random

118
Q

what is sequential sampling? random or non-random?

A

non-random; gradual, one at a time selection; might run out of good particpants quicker and change requirements of subjects

119
Q

what is quota sampling? random or non-random?

A

non-random; stratified sampling without randomness

120
Q

what is purposful/selective sampling? random or non-random?

A

non-random; based on predetermined criteria ex: exceptional individuals ex: dogs

121
Q

random sampling vs random assignment

A

random sampling: randomly selecting subjects for a population to put into samples Random assignement is where subjects in a sample are then randomly assigened a condition

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