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Year 2 > Cell M2: Module 1 > Flashcards

Cell M2: Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

signalling with the most distance between cells

A

endocrine signalling

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2
Q

signalling where cells are a distance away from eachother (not farthest away)

A

paracrine signalling

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3
Q

An enzyme that takes a phosphate group from an ATP and adds it to serine, threonine or tyrosine

A

protein kinases

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4
Q

frequent way of modifuing target proteins, involves the addtion of a phosphate group to a serine, threonine, or tyrosine

A

protein phosphorylation

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5
Q

protein dephosphorylation, where a phosphate group is cleaved, is acmmonplished by who

A

phosphatase

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6
Q

ionotropic receptors structure:

A

4-5 sububits grouped around central pore

charge amino acids form selectivity filter

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7
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

A

metabotropic receptors

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8
Q

GPCR structure

A

span membrane 7 times

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9
Q

structiure of enzyme linked receptors

A

extracellular domain for ligan binding

intracellular domain for enzymatic activity

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10
Q

what is the normal enzyme activity of enzyme-linked receptors

A

usually a kinase activity

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11
Q

what do receptor tyrosine kinases do

A

phosphorylate substrates into tyrosine residues

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12
Q

what does serine/theronin receptor kinases do

A

takes phsophate from substrate and give to ser/thr residues

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13
Q

what do tyrosin and ser/thr phosphatases receptors do

A

enzyme linked recepts that give phosphate to substrates that have had one taken from them–> returning them back to their original form

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14
Q

how do enzyme-linked receptors work

A

ligand binding to extracellular domain activators receptor for anzymatic activity

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15
Q

intracellular receptors are located where:

A

cytoplam or nucleus

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16
Q

what activates an intracellular receptor

A

ligand, a small lipophillic signalling molecule that has crossed PM

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17
Q

when not ligan bound what happens to intracellular recepts

A

attached to inhibitory proteins

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18
Q

what receptors move to nucleus after dishibition after ligan binding

A

plasmic (cytoplasmic) intracellular receptors

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19
Q

what is the purpose of intracellular receptors

A

once theyre in nucleus they can bind to DNA and act as transcriptiona modulators for DNA by effecting prevelance of specific genes

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20
Q

proteins that are able to bind to and hydrolyze GTP

A

Gproteins

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21
Q

Classes of G proteins

A

heterotrimeric, and small monomeric

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22
Q

what are heterotrimeric g proteins activated by

A

GPCR receptor

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23
Q

hat ar esmall monomeric g protein receptors activated by

A

receptors tyrosin kinases which phosphorylates substrates to obtain a phosphate and then lets go of an adaptor protein which activates GEF

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24
Q

What inactivates heterotrimeric G proteins? how?

A

GAP- by cleaving a phosphate group of of GTP

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25
Q

What does Gs have an effect on

A

activates adenylate cyclase

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26
Q

What does Gi have an effect on

A

inhibits adenylate cyclase

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27
Q

What does Gt have an effect on

A

Activates phosphodiesterase

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28
Q

what does acitvated Phosphodilipase C effect

A

diaclglycerol goes up

IP3 goes up

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29
Q

What does adenylate cylase have an effect on

A

cAMP

30
Q

What does phosphodiesterase have an effect on

A

inhibits cGMP

31
Q

what does ras endpoint

A

MAP Kinase pathways

32
Q

what is the rho endpoint

A

ROCK Kinase

33
Q

What is the rab endpoint

A

various

34
Q

what is the function of ras

A

cel proliferation, differentiation and survival

35
Q

what is the function of rho

A

actin dynamics

36
Q

what is teh function of rab

A

membrane trafficking

37
Q

cAMP, cGMP, IP3 and DAG, and calcium are all _________

A

second messangers

38
Q

what does cAMP have an effect on

A

Protein Kinase A

39
Q

what can cAMP by degraded by

A

phosphodiesterase

40
Q

what is protein kinase A made of

A

catalytic and inhibitory subunits

41
Q

what happens to protein kinase A if cAMP binds

A

the inhibitory protein dissicociates from the catalytic

42
Q

what is cGMP generated from

A

guanylyl cyclase after it is activated by GTP

43
Q

what does cGMP have an effect on

A

Protein kinase G, and can bind to cyclic nucleotide gatd ion channels to open them

44
Q

Are cGMP levels normally high or low? why?

A

high to keep cyclic nucleotide gated channels open

45
Q

what signal causes the decreases of cGMP?

A

phosphodiesterase when Gt protein bound

46
Q

what is the important second messanger for photoreceptor

A

cGMP

47
Q

what does Phosphatidylinositol biphosphate (PIP2) generate? how?

A

IP3 and DAG when cleaved by phospholipase C

48
Q

where is IP3 located

A

in the cytosol; second messanger

49
Q

where is DAG located

A

plasma membrane

50
Q

Where does IP3 go

A

binds to IP3 receptors in the ER, which when bound open to allow flow of calcium

51
Q

what does DAG do

A

activates plasma membrane associated proteins like Protein Kinase C, which phosphorylate serine and threonine residues

52
Q

what is calcium

A

a second messanger

53
Q

What does CAlcium ATPase punmp ( PMCA) do

A

actively extruds Ca from cytoplasm

54
Q

what does Na+/Ca2+ pump do

A

uses Na+ gradiant across PM to extrude calcium

55
Q

What does sacro/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) do?

A

uses ATP energy to take Ca2+ from cytoplasm into lumen in ER

56
Q

What uptakes calcium from cytoplasm

A

mitochondria, SERCA

57
Q

Where does Calcium come from in plasma membrane? sources of Ca2+ signals

A

Voltage gated calcim channels; ligand-gated Ca2+ channels

58
Q

Where does Calcium come from in intracellular stores

A

IP3 receptors- in ER membrane; ryanodine recepts (calcium induced calcium release- amplifies calicum signal)

59
Q

how does calcium ellicit a cellular response

A

calcium sesnors of calmodulin family (CaM) that bind calcium in a cooperative manner anf then can go bind and activate other proteins

60
Q

What can calmodulin (CaM) bin and activate once it itself has been activated by calcium

A

enzymes like kinases and phosphatases
calcium channels
Calicum calmodulin dependent kinases

61
Q

Explain CMKII

A

calcium calmodulin dependent kinase II, most import CaMK isoform; mosulates synaptic transmission by phosphorylating proteins

62
Q

is CaMK normally active or inactive

A

inactive with regulatory and catalytic domain

63
Q

what binds to CaMK to release regulatory domain from catalytic domain

A

Calmodulin

64
Q

Increase of Protein Kinase A results in

A

increase protein phosphorylation

65
Q

Calcium release and protein kinase C result in

A

increase protein phosphorylation and activate calicum binding proteins

66
Q

why is signal tranduction gene expression requiring slow

A

is requires new mRNA synthesis but this is very long lasting

67
Q

what are transcriptional activator and what doe they do

A

proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and interact with general trnascription factors/ RNA polymerase to initiate synthesis of new mRNA

68
Q

CREB is what

A

cAMP responsive element that is a transcriptional activator present in nucleus of cells

69
Q

When can CREB bind to DNA in nucleus

A

when phosphorylated

70
Q

what is CREB phosphorylated by-

A

protein kinase A
calcium camodulin dependent kinase
MAPK

71
Q

c-fos

A

transcriptional activator present in unstimulated cellas at very low concentrations; immediate early gneer

72
Q

genes for proteins present ni cells at very low concentrations only transcribed when activated. leads to transcription of other target gene

A

immediate early gene

Year 2 (19 decks)

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