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Year 2 > Animal Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Animal Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the opposite of habituation

A

sensitization

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2
Q

What did BF Skinner say about society? What did he believe we could do with society?

A

BF Skinner said we could change society by nurturing perop;e a certain way into certain behaviours

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3
Q

Did BF Skinner like Chomsky’s view? Explain

A

No, they had opposite views, SKinner believed in nurturing behaviour and Chomsky believed behaviours were genetic

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4
Q

What environment leads to the most amount of learning?

A

If the environment is highly predictable between genreations, over time nature could select for teh best traits for that organism in that environment

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5
Q

What environment leads to the least amount of learning for a species?

A

An environment that is unpredictable/ changing between generations and an individual’s lifetime - nothing there long enough to learn from

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6
Q

Risks to social learning?

A
  • other animals might have the wrong solution

- sometimes theres an advantage to figuring a task out yourself

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7
Q

Types of things that are not social learning?

A
  1. local enhancement

2. social facilitation

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8
Q

definition: local enhancement

A

drawn to a location because others are there

example: red knot flat chosen after watching mudflat video example

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9
Q

definition: social facilitaion

A

the presence of others facilitates anothers behaviours

  • animals being around might make another animal more likely to do a task
    ex: gulls around might make another gull feel afer to prine
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10
Q

definition: teaching

A

behaviour directed at a naive observer who thus acquires skills more efficiently
ex: meercats video

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11
Q

explain cultural evolution.

Is it the same as natural selection

A

once you have social learning you can have social transmissino of learned traits - can be parallel to the process of evolution by natural selection

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12
Q

hippocampus function in spatial tasks

A

hippocampal formation is bigger in food catching birds that rely more on spatial function

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13
Q

Hippocampus neuron firing - spatial recognition

A

different neurons fire based on position in space. When rats go back to same place as before, same neurons fire as were when in the same spot previously

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14
Q

do animal’s brains go through where they’ve been during the day when they sleep? example?

A

Yes, in rats the neurons fired off in the order that the rats ran through the arena

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15
Q

How did we get rats to go to a specific area in the arena when they woke up

A

when researches stimulated the reward part of a rats brain when its neurons were firing for a particiluar space when the rat was alseep, when the rat woke up it went straight to that space.

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16
Q

can fear influence the neurons firing in the hippocampus correlating to position in space

A

yes, neurons shut down and don’t fire the same around threat the rat has previously encountered. If you interfere with the amygdala this doesnt happen

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17
Q

the benefit of social trnamission of navigation to a species?

A

it provides the best route of navigation over generations

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18
Q

3 hypothesis of social info in group navigation:

A
  1. Follow the leader
  2. Many wrongs
  3. Emergent sensing
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19
Q

explain “follow the leader” as a group navigation hypothesis

A

one way- one of more members of group lead everyone, they have high information, the more clueless birds follow suit

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20
Q

explain “ many wrongs” as a group nevigation hypothesis

A

one way- whole bunch of birds each knows a bit of what they’re doing and if everyone going in their direction but also keeping with others - might average out to decent path- end up, all together, in the right direction

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21
Q

what kind of birds might the “many wrongs” hypothesis of group navigation be best for?

A

birds that migrate at night and have specie specific calling

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22
Q

explain the “emergent sensing” hypothesis of group navigation

A

one way- sensing about the environment, picking up on it bc collectively they pick up on it, individually they only pick up very little m bc the links between them they can better identify landmarks

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23
Q

What does communication require

A

animal stimulating the behaviour of another in order to affect the animal in a intended way - requries both directions - not forcing a behvaiour but stimulation it with your on behaviour

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24
Q

signal evolution: what is adaptive for males and what is adaptive for females

A

adaptiove for males to get into the decision-making prcoess of a female and hypnotize her into mating

Adaptive for females to see through the bullshit and pick the best male

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25
Q 
A strict communication definition:
For X to mean anything ..... 
1.
2.
3.
A

For X to mean anything…

  1. The sender intends that x induces a response
  2. Sender intends that the reciever recognizes the signal he sends
  3. sender intends that by recognizing the signal given, the receiver does the response
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26
Q

what is ostensive signalling?

A

shoing the receiver teh intent

ex: chimps pointing where they want to be groomed so the other chimp will scratch that spot

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27
Q

what is major divider between huaman communication and animal communication?

A
  • intentional communication

- complexity of human communication

28
Q

definition: combining sounds in various ways to produce different meanings

A

combinatorial syntax

29
Q

definition: from cues to signals

- cueing more specifically in way that serves more as communication

A

ritualization

30
Q

developmental stress in birds effects what (stuyd on this)

A

spatial memory tasks and length of songs - shortened them

31
Q

types of stressors?

A

food, nutrition, environment

32
Q

what does developmental programming do? what is its goal?

A

programs ian individual for life success by working out behavioural and sensory mechanisms early so they are automatic in later critcal situations

33
Q

how do environmental conditions act on developmental programming?

A

they can alter horome titres and the activity of developmental growth pathways

34
Q

in response to environmental triggers, the coordination between _______ and _______ determines the behaviour or the animal

A

coordination between morphology and connectivity of the neuronal system determines the behaviour of the animal

35
Q

a basic mechanism of learning that happens during a sensitivity period

A

imprinting

36
Q

ignoring a repeating stimulus in the environment in order to focus on things that are actually changing

A

habituation

37
Q

the process of becoming highly sensitive to a stimulus you previously were not responsive to

A

sensitization

38
Q

what places do birds avoid when choosing a spot to live

A

a place that plays their own song

39
Q

what is an unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that naturally elicits a response - an involuntary response

40
Q

what is a conditinoed stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

41
Q

what is second roder conditioning

A

conditioning a response to an stimulus that has been paired with a conditioned stimulus

42
Q

when you condition an animal with a paired stimlus, and then do not get as large of a response when suddenly presenting the stimlus as two seperate parts

A

overshadowing

43
Q

what kind of behavious is reinforced with operant conditioning

A

voluntary behaviours

44
Q

what kinds of behaviours are being reinforced with classical conditinoing

A

involuntary behaviours

45
Q

conditioning with reinforcers - method of learning that occurs through reward or punishment for voluntary behaviours

A

operant conditioning

46
Q

explain the black box and BF skinners reasoning

A

the black box represents the mind and inferred states.
SKinner wanted to be completley scientific and said not to account for inferred states bc we cant know for sure hwat an animal experinces. Instead only focus on behaviour and the cause of behaviours - all observable

47
Q

skinners best approach to studying behaviour?

A

look at actions and their consequence

48
Q

increase probability of a behaviour being repeated

A

reinforcers

49
Q

decrease probability of a behaviour being repeated

A

punishment

50
Q

Apparatus used to study animal behaviour

Operant conditioning chamber

A

skinner box

51
Q

More clueless birds follow the leader who has high information

A

follow the leader

52
Q

Everyone knows a bit about what they are doing, average out to right path
Best for birds working at night, have specific calls

A

many wrongs

53
Q

Sense environment, pick on a bit, altogether pick up on a lot (landmarks)

A

emergent sensing

54
Q

_____: Working out all things you need in critical situations so they become automatic

A

learning

55
Q

memory type: events that can be reported from an individual’s life

A

episodic memory

56
Q

memory type: our implicit knowledge of tasks that usually do not require conscious recall to perform them

A

procedural memory

57
Q

variation in size of hippocampus

A

bigger in animals who need more memory for tasks
- can vary in size over lifetime and season depending on animal for pupos of saving energy and usefulness for tasks based on time in year

58
Q

what stores long term memory

A

dendritic spins

59
Q

an exchange of informaiton

A

communication

60
Q

____: from cues to signals. Make behaviours more obvious, more distinctive ex: catepillar defending its leaf

A

ritualization

61
Q

aspects of ritualization behaviours

A
  • repetition
  • standing out from other normal behavious
  • easier for receiver to stereotype and categorize to a specific meaning
62
Q

strict definition of communication (ostensive signalling criteria)

A

for x to mean anything

  1. S intends x to induce a response
  2. S intends R to recognize S’s intention
  3. S intends by recognizing intentino, R will do a specific response
63
Q

_______: selection on senders to manipulate receiver’s behaviour, selection on receivers to anticipate aspects of a sender

A

signal evolution

64
Q

_______: when animals convey semantic/ relevant information.

example from class?

A

referential signals

noisy miners overhead predator call and ground predator call

65
Q

_______: showing receiver your intent with gestures (usually)

A

ostensive signalling

66
Q

migration requires what (2 things):

A

navigation/ map

orientation/ direction

Year 2 (19 decks)

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