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Year 2 > Methods after the midterm: 7 Small n research > Flashcards

Methods after the midterm: 7 Small n research Flashcards

1
Q

what type of designs does small n reseach use (within, between, mixed)?

A

within-subject design

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2
Q

what are the seperate experiments in small n research

A

the subjects

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3
Q

how is reliabilty assesed in small n research

A

replication

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4
Q

what type of situations is small n research useful?

A

assumption of minimal biological or psychological variability

  • avalibility or convenience constraints
  • interest in small area of population
  • detailed comparison
  • need to understand process in time
  • no need for generalization
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5
Q

consistent ____ and ____ in small n research

A

level (magnitude of treatment effects) and trend (one-way/ unidirectional changes)

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6
Q

spatio-temperal patterns in small n research mean what

A

search of swquential analysis of behaviour. Serial configuration of events and actions in time

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7
Q

what is type of series for the search of temporal patterns?

A

time series analyses

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8
Q

what famous ethologist used small n research and for what? What n was used?

A

BF skinner used small n of 4 for rats and assumed vary low biological variability and generalized rats to humans very quickly

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9
Q

explain what a consistent trend is in small n research (we want a consistent trend)

A

expected every subject to react the same way

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10
Q

explain what a stability is in small n research

A

we need to know what the subject looks like before the independent variabel is applied (baseline established)

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11
Q

explain what a temperal patterns is in small n research

A

detailed analysis over time

tracking something in space and time e.g. time series

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12
Q

explain what sequences of spatio-temperol patterns is in small n research

A

sequences analysis of behaviour in time and space

e.g. movement analysis

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13
Q

what is pooling falicy (small n research)

A

cannot compensate for power by gathering more data per participant - doesnt make it more genralizable and does not increase power

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14
Q

what is the prinicple of experimental research

A

replication

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15
Q

who said it is important to replicate and observe change in a subject e.g. learning

A

bernard

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16
Q

how to know if you are able to generalize a small n study

A

replicate to determine if effect was fluke

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17
Q

should you replicate every small n stufy to see if it is generalizable?

A

no - if there is no effect when you first start off you don’t need to continue

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18
Q

what is beneficial about small n studies (extraneous varibales)?

A

easier to determine/ pinpoint because being more precise about data you are collecting for each subject

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19
Q

problems with small n research?

A
  • carry-over effects (like within subject)
  • weak effect if IV doesnt work
  • if baseline is off, phenoma is unobservable (DV)
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20
Q

What are the 3 types of small-n study designs?

A

Baseline- goof for small n, make sure you do this before applying IV
dynamic - moment to moment changes
discrete- individual subject performance

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21
Q

what is important in basline exams

A

replication needs to reproduce the same or very similar results - baseline only met when a stability criterion is reached

22
Q

why can’t repliable baselines be created with large n research

A

differences in baseline in populations are different - average out dont aply to majority, not reliable baseline

23
Q

what lets you know your IV is soley responsible for the effect seen?

A

a table baseline

24
Q

intra-subject replication?

A

subjects are their own control , wait till they reach baselin until performing next treatment

25
Q

what is reversal strategy in small n designs

A

looking at the recovery from a treatment back to subjects baseline

26
Q

what is a stable baseline?

A

differs by study - establish an operatinoally defined stability criterion - acceptable time to reach criterion

27
Q

issues with baselines (uncontrolled variation)

A

slowly drifting baseline over time - might not notice it - it’ll influence results causing issue

28
Q

issues with baselines (irreversible)

A

participant is unable to return to baseline

29
Q

What are the two contrasting approaches to baselines (explain and name them)

A

group approach - statistical methods should be used to control for failure to reduce uncontrolled variation

single-subject approach -
should try to identitfy extraneous variables not under control and bring them under experimental control

30
Q

what is systematic replication

A

replication beyond single-subject procedures - you do a smaller one and then if it turns out well replicate study with more subjects

31
Q

what is a drifting baseline

A

basline that slowly systemically changes

32
Q

what is an unrecoverable baseline

A

baseline that won’t have reversal due to carryover effects

33
Q

what are inappropriate baseline levels

A

low baseline good UNLESS data has a floor effect.
high baseline good UNLESS data has ceiling effect
- martha and john example with different starting - seeing if effect is same -

34
Q

explain single factor single-subject baseline designs

A

1 independent varaible (AB, ABA, or ABAB)

35
Q

multifactor designs - single-subject baseline designs

A

two or more independent variables e.g. melatonin + bright light

36
Q

multiple-baselines designs - single-subject baseline designs

A

several dependent variables

e.g polygraph

37
Q

dynamic designs

A

processes and behaviours through time ; often called time series

38
Q

discrete trials design (example)

A

subject receive each treatment or condition many times and each tiral (session) is a data point;
e.g dog session, go for lunch, come back new session. 1-5 session per day

39
Q

what is controlled for in discrete traisl designs

A

extraneous variables

40
Q

how are treatments presented to subjects

A

randomized or counterbalanced (change up order for no order effects; not all subjects see same order)

41
Q

what is another name of sequential analysis

A

sequential hypothesis testing

42
Q

what does inter-subject variation mean within discrete trials

A

they look at them and compare between subjects

43
Q

what is special about discrete trials compared to other small n studies

A

they can be large designs

44
Q

what is essential in small n designs (final exam material)

A

every single instance matters

45
Q

what is psychophysics an example of (sub sections: signal detection theory, and detection of stimuli)

A

discrete trial design examples

46
Q

what type of designs are decision-making, judgment and diagnosis studies?

A

discrete trial design examples

47
Q

learning, cognition (memory), concepts: discrimmination/ categorizetion are what type of designs

A

discrete trial designs

48
Q

in neuroscience, what kinds of designs are most often used

A

discrete trials designs

49
Q

how long are sequential analysies

A

as long as they need to be until significant results are observed or the quota “N” is obtained –> the stopping rule

50
Q

advantages to sequential analysies

A
  • could be economical
  • conclusion might be reached ealier than with common hypothesis testing principles
  • comprimise between idiographic and nomenthetic research
51
Q

when are sequential analysis used

A

when subject availability is questionable

often used in clinical trials

52
Q

explain general procedure of sequential analysis

A

start with 2 trials or so,,,, compare two groups check if alternative hypothesis is accepted. If yes, its terminated. if not add more n and continue. Continue until alternative is acceptive or ‘n’ quota is reached

Year 2 (19 decks)

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