Animal for Exam

Question 1

play characteristics

Answer 1

1. functino is not evident
2. apparently spontanrous
3. exaggerated and incomplete form of adult behaviour
4. repetitive and many vqariations
5. occurs when animal is free from stressors

frequency 
intensity
sequences
play markers 
role change

Question 2

functinos of play - non-social hypothesis

Answer 2

young learn physical skills - hunting, foraging
predators participate in object play - ex: cats with yarn)
prey species run with rapid twists and turns

Question 3

functions of play: social hypothesis

Answer 3

agressive, courting, sexual, competetion and parenting skills, allows animals to determine their status and form social relatinoships and learn who to avoid

1. may promote or fine-tune physical skills
2. may help in development of cognitive skills

Question 4

explain object play

Answer 4

use of inanimate objects
- studied largely in captive animals (enriches lives? - apes in leaves)
- function: learning
ravens - crows play with new objects for a bit then move on

Question 5

difference between object play and object exploratino

Answer 5

object exploration - understanding what an object is

object play- fiddling around with object to find out who you can use it

Question 6

explain locaomotor play

Answer 6

running chasing, stalking, jumping, head shakes
moving in an area - elk in water
fuction: exercise and development of motor skills
- provides better understanding of sourroundings/ enviro.

Question 7

effects of locomotor play

Answer 7

increase creatino of synapses in cerebellum during development (cerebellum is important for coordination, movement, postural changes, eye-limb coordination)

Question 8

explain social play

Answer 8

reasons:

1. behavioural flexibility
2. gauging others
3. experience in different social roles
   - big horned sheep - play markers byut still fighting

Question 9

developmental programming and play

Answer 9

natural selection so that they work well with what they have

- want behavioural phenotype to match thei instinct

Question 10

these are all\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
assertiveness
excitability
agressableness
socialbility
curiosity

Answer 10

personality traits

Question 11

these are all: \_\_\_\_\_
shyness/boldness in risky situa.
exploration/ avoidance in new situa. 
activity in any situa.
aggressiveness towards conspecific species
sociability towards consepecifics

Answer 11

personalities/ temperments

Question 12

necessary to determine personlity vs context-specific behaviour

Answer 12

time. personlaity doesnt change over time

- long-term, stable individual differences

Question 13

alternative strategies and personltiy

Answer 13

when no one behvaiour is better than another we can see personlity in animals
ex: pigeons 75% are producers
25% are scroungers - changes if the percentages change - cost of being one versus the other chnages

Question 14

individuals with a particular combination of behaviour X and Y

Answer 14

behavioural type

Question 15

correlation between behaviour X and Y

Answer 15

behavioural syndrome

Question 16

2 different coping styles in stressful situations

Answer 16

aggressive

fearful

Question 17

3 points of animal welfare

Answer 17

1. basic health and functioning (phsycially)
2. well-being (affectiive state)
3. appropriate conditions (naturalness)

Question 18

how are we able to tell if an animal is stressed by looking at them?

Answer 18

sometimes physical symptoms present themselves - ex: turtles and tumors

Question 19

how are we able to tell if an animal is stressed by assessing their affective state>

Answer 19

measured ear redness, how wide eyes are opened, angle of eyebrow, angle of ear
- happy rat when tickleed, then look at body langugae then base happiness on that

Question 20

stereotypies

Answer 20

rhythmic, repetitive, fixed, predictable, purposeful but purposeless movements that occur in animals who are otherwise developing; behaviour that isnt getting them animal normally. Ex: lions pacing in cage

Question 21

how can we imrpove affective states of our animals

Answer 21

by making their enviroment more natural

Question 22

what are choice tests - in animal welfare slides-

Answer 22

the animal gets to decide what environment to live in after provided with options

Question 23

when is making a natural enviroment for an aniaml not necessarily a good thing

Answer 23

when their natural enviroment is scary ex: chickens; would probaly be picked off and scared if in wild

Question 24

do animals think?

Answer 24

we think so based on behaviours we see them do: rat picking perferred fruit but only when he doesn’t have to wait forever, we can see them change their mind

• planning ahead- spiders pathways to another spider
• pigeons identitfy objects vs people (controversial, may just be labelling and not conceptual image of humans ect.)

Question 25

animals theory of mind

Answer 25

if the ominate cannot see the better food the submissive will take it because they most likely know the dominant cannot see it

Question 26

theory of mind example - chimp inferential signals mother

Answer 26

chimp cries for mother even tho nothing is wrong - basis behaviour based on what mother will think not based on whats happening to him - he just wants attention