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Year 2 > Cell Neuroscience NC > Flashcards

Cell Neuroscience NC Flashcards

1
Q

Capturing information from the outside world and turning it into neural activity

A

Transduction

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2
Q

neurons in the eye

A

Photoreceptors

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3
Q

near point definition

A

The point at which focusing on a nearing object becomes blurry

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4
Q

neural components of the eye

A

retina
- fovea
optic disk
optic nerve

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5
Q

optical components of the eye

A

cornea
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous humor

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6
Q

supporting components of the eye

A 
uveal tract
    choroid 
          pigment 
          epithslium
     ciliary body
      iris
sclera
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7
Q

what provides 80% of the focusing power of the eye and cannot change shape?

A

the cornea of the eye

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8
Q

what provides 20% of the focusing power of the eye that can change shape?

A

the lens

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9
Q

is the lens thin or fat, and it it bending light alot or not, when focusing on far objects

A

less light bending, thin lens

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10
Q

is the lens thin or fat, and it it bending light alot or not, when focusing on near objects

A

more light bending

fat lens

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11
Q

what effect does light have when it hits photoreceptors

A

it hyperpolarizes the photoreceptors

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12
Q

What makes the lens fatter when focusing on near objects

A

the ciliary muscles contract

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13
Q

What happens when eyes change from focusing on a far object to focusing on a near object

A

the cilary muscles contract to make the lens thickens

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14
Q

accommodation: (definition)

A

ability to adapt and fix focus on near and far obejctes

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15
Q

why when the ciliary muscles contract does the diameter of the lens get faster? the mechanism

A

if the circumferonce of the eye decreases, strain on the fibers decrease and the lens rounds up like it naturally wants to do

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16
Q

definition: transformation of light energy into neural activity

A

phototransduction

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17
Q

doe slight causes the hyperpolarization or depolarization of photoreceptors

A

hyperpolarization

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18
Q

what does the magnitude of light that hits the eye correspond to

A

the magnitude of hyperpolarization of the eye

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19
Q

why does the eye hyperpolarize when light hits it? (mechanism)

A

cGMP is low, and cGMP-gated channels when open keep the flow of Na+ and Ca2+ inwards and potassium out. Potassium is always leaking, so when the cGMP channels are closed and no Ca2+ or Na+ can get in there is a net flux of positive charge out of the cell.

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20
Q

Explain the relative depolarizatio of photoreceptors during darkness

A

cGMP channels are open allowing Na+ and Ca2+ influx . Even with the leaking K+ this creates a net influx, –> relative depolarization

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21
Q

What are the outer segments of photoreceptors filled with?

A

disc membrnaes

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22
Q

What are disc membranes covered with

A

opsin proteins

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23
Q

types of opsins? where are they located?

A

rhodopsin on rods and cone opsins on cones

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24
Q

What type of opsin proteins have the 3 subtypes of: small, medium, long, OR blue, green and red

A

cone opsins

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25
Q

explain the activation of rhodopsin on rods

A
  1. rhodopsin has a chromophore (trans-retinal) covlently cound to 7th membrane. When the retinal is isomerized the rhodopsin undergoes a conformationsal change that exposes Gt protein binding site
  2. when Gt bound, the conformational change in rhodopsin triggers a confirmational change in the Gt protein. Which switches the GDP out for GTP on the alpha subunit
  3. slpha and beta -gamma subunits dissociate and release rhodopsin from the g-proteins
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26
Q

how many transducin (gt proteins) can be activated during the time the rhodopsin is bound to all-trans retinal

A

can be multiple, more than one

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27
Q

Conformational changes on the G alpha subunit

A

GDP is switched out for GTP the terminal phosphate on GTP forms hydrgoen bond chains with switch 1 and 2 to prevent interaction with GBY propeller bottom

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28
Q

G-Protein modulation (GEF)

A
  • faciliatats GDP release

- increase activity so there is more G alpha, GTP

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29
Q

what can act as GEF

A

ligand bound GPCR

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30
Q

G-protein modulation (GDI)

A

inhibits release of GDP decrease Galpha, GTP activity

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31
Q

G-protein modulation (GAP)

A

activates intrinsic GTPase activity; decreases Galpha, GTP activity

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32
Q

G-protein modulation (GIP

A

stops intrinsic GTPase from working; increase activity for more Galpha, GTP

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33
Q

the route of hyperpolarisatino of teh eye

A

light-activiated opsin (increases) transducin (increases) phosphodiesterase (decreases) cGMP –> close cGMP channels –> hyperpolarisation

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34
Q

what phosphorylates activate Rhodopsin

A

rhosopsin kinase; on three different sites

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35
Q

what is arrestins function

A

it binds to phosphorylated rhodopsin causing a conformational change so phosphorylated rhodopsin does cannot activate transducin

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36
Q

what inactivates transducin

A

RGS9-GB5-R9AP

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37
Q

three ways for light adaptation

A
  1. guanylate cyclase
  2. recoverin
  3. calmodulin
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38
Q

light adaptation by guanylate cyclase

A

dark - calcium inhibits guanylate cyclase-activating proteins (GCAPs)
light- induced closing of the cGMP channels decrease calcium (up-regulates GCAPs which in turn up-regulate guanylate cyclase)

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39
Q

what is the fastest most powerful way for light adaptation

A

guanylate cyclase

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40
Q

light adaptation- recoverin

A

dark - calcium recoverin inhibits rhodopsin kinase from phosphorylating rhodospsin
light- induced drop in calcium relieves inhibition, low calcium leads to more rapid dhodopsin inactivation, which eventuall leads to more cGMP

41
Q

light adaptation - calmodulin

A

dark - calcium binds to cGAMP gated channel and desnsitizes it to cGMP
light- induced dorp in calcium - calmodulin dissociates from the channel making it more sensitive to cGMP (stays open with fewer boun cGMP)

42
Q

what is responsible for dark adaptation

A

the replenishing of 11-cis retinal in opsins

43
Q

explain the replenishment of 11-cis retinal

A

interphotoreceptor binding protein (IRBP) chaperones retinoids b/w photoreceptors and pigment epithelial cells

44
Q

photoreceptor disks are continually _____

A

being replaced - after migrating from soma to end of outer segment
- old ones are removed by pigment epitherlium

45
Q

have high sensitivity and low intensity vision

A

rods - night

46
Q

have low sensitivity and high intensity vision

A

cones - day

47
Q

bwetter convergence? rods or cones? what does this do

A

rods

- better sensitivity

48
Q

what does teh foveola contain

A

only cones - no blood vessels to obscure path of light to cones

49
Q

what cone colour is short

A

blue

50
Q

what cone colour is long

A

red

51
Q

what cone colour is medium

A

green

52
Q

what cones make up the least amount of total percentage of cones

A

blue/ short

53
Q

protonopia

A

type of colour blindess where missing L/red cones

54
Q

deuteranopia

A

type of colur blindness hwere missing M/ green cones

55
Q

what cones are on the what chromosome

A

M/L red and green - on x chromosome

56
Q

what is sound

A

vribrating particles in waves that make teh ear drum vibrate

57
Q

bones of middle ear and facts

A

malleas, incus, tapes
smallest bones in body
concentrate vibration increasing pressure 17X
act as levels 13X

58
Q

middle ear muscles

A

dampen vibratino of ossicles of body noises

59
Q

what happens in inner ear

A

longituinal waves make oval window move in/out, set up transverse waves n basiliar membrane

60
Q

best frquencies along basiliar membrane

A

base- high freuencie, narrow sitll

apex: low frequencies; floppy

61
Q

___ are located on hair cells and deflected by tectorial membrane

A

stereocilla

62
Q

what direct growth of stereociulla

A

kinocillium

63
Q

how do channels open on stereocilla; what kind of channel

A

tip links connect hair cells, tensino when pulled to long side which opens channels - hcMET

64
Q

what happens to stereocilla at low frequencies? high frequncies?

A

low freuqncies- hyperpolarisationa nd depolarizatin as they wave backa dn forth
hig frequncies- depolarisation adn stay theyre vibrating wuickly - not enough time to go to hyperpolaization

65
Q

what bathes the scala media

A

endolymph

66
Q

what bathes the basal part

A

peilymph

67
Q

endolymph is ____rich and _____ poor

A

K+ rich, Na+ poor

68
Q

perilymph is ____ rich and ____ poor

A

Na+ rich and K+ poor

69
Q

inner hair cell function

A

carry sound

70
Q

outer hair cell function

A

provide amplification

71
Q

____ causes endolymph lag behind head movement

A

inertia

72
Q

inside the semicircular canals the inertia casuing endolymph lag behind head movement causes what to teh cupola and hair cell cilia

A

causes distortion of floppy cupola and dispalcement of embedded hair cell cilia

73
Q

whats special about cell bodies located in the dorsal root - the long fibers that transmit info skin to spinal cord?

A

the action potentials dont need to go through the cell body

74
Q

what are the long fibers that transmition infor straight from skin to spinal cord called

A

pseudounipolar fibers

75
Q

what allows catinos to enter during mechano-transduction

A

the tretching and deformation of the membrane

76
Q

mechano sensor cell merkel is ________

A

shallow

77
Q

mechano sensor cell is meissner _________

A

shallow

78
Q

mechano sensor cell ruffini is ______

A

deep

79
Q

mechano sensor cell pacinian is ________

A

deep

80
Q

group 1a intrafusal muscle fibers

A

rapidly adapting and give info about limb movemnt

81
Q

group 2 intrafusal muscle fibers

A

sustained response, info about static limb position

82
Q

Y motor neurosn cause what ___

A

intrafusal muscles to contract

83
Q

group______ is located in the golgi tendon organ

A

group 1b

84
Q

group 1b sensory affert is woven though _________ and form collagen fibvers that form the tendon

A

the collagen fibers

85
Q

_______ fibers conduct touch info not involved with pain

A

AB pain fibers

86
Q

what becomes actived to initiate pain signals? when?

A

nociceptors/ free nerve endings

- after AB fibers are saturated

87
Q

what channels are activated by capacin? what does this sensation feel like/ mean

A

TRPV1 channels activated by capacin - spicy food hot

88
Q

explain the olfactory epithelium

A

odorants pass over this through air during breathing ect and add to the taste of things

89
Q

olfiactory cilia studded with ______ has axons that go through _____

A

odorant receptors whose axons go through cibreifrom platform (porous bone)

90
Q

what can lead to no sense of smell / ____ and why>

A

head trauma can sheer odorant receptor axons

no sense of smell = anosmia

91
Q

how often do olfactor receptor neurson renew? from what?

A

6-8 weeks, population of neural stem cells

92
Q

chemicals that provide nutritive, aesthetic, saftey qualities

A

tastant

93
Q

how do tastants travel? what do they make contact with ?

A

travel through saliva and make contact with taste papillase (taste buds lay on top of these)

94
Q

what are the 5 different tase categories

A 
sour
sweet
salty
bitter
umami
95
Q

taste category: NA+ influc ; voltage gated channels

A

salty

96
Q

taste category; H+ influx; voltage gated channels

A

sour

97
Q

taste category T1R2 and T1R3 ; 2 g protein with 7 TM receptors that form dimer

A

sweet

98
Q

taste category T1R1 and T1R3 with 2 g protein 7 TM each receptors that form dimer

A

umami

99
Q

taste category ; TR2 g protein gustducin

A

bitter

Year 2 (19 decks)

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