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Year 2 > Animal Behaviour > Flashcards

Animal Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What does “umwelt” mean in German?

A

Environment

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2
Q

What is the meaning of “Umwelt” in animal behaviour?

A

the world through the animal’s eyes, shaped by what it needs to do, and it’s needs to survive

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3
Q

Definition: How sensory input is processed onto flexible behaviour (able to do different things under different circumstances)

A

Cognition

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4
Q

Definition: cognitive ability (how well do you apply

→both relative to what the animal needs to do

A

Intelligence

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5
Q

Definition: The attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to nonhuman entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology

A

Anthropomorphism

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6
Q

Definition: The scientific study of how and why animals behave the way they do

A

The study of animal behaviour

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7
Q

artificial selection:

A

Selectively bred for specific looks or abilities, based on desirable phenotype (all traits that make up an organism)

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8
Q

: what decides what survives, resulting in species with certain genotypes and phenotypes

A

selective agent

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9
Q

direct fitness:

A

individual’s reproductive success

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10
Q

indirect fitness

A

reproductive success of genetic relatives

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11
Q

inclusive fitness

A

direct fitness + indirect fitness

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12
Q

what is eusociality

A

Some reproduce, some don’t
Overlapping generations - everyone helps everyone
Communal care of young
Individuals specialised for particular tasks

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13
Q

_________ traits

same function but not same physical structure; probably got through different evolutionary history

A

analogous

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14
Q

_________ traits
humans and primates skeletons look similar) (same physical structure, perhaps not same behaviour; probably same evolutionary history

A

homologous

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15
Q

when a gene is copied from the genome in order to make a protein

A

transcription

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16
Q

The mRNA now in cytoplasm is turned into a protein that the DNA codes for

A

translation

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17
Q

Double Helix. Transfers genetic material from one generation to the next. Very stable. “whole instruction manual”

A

DNA

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18
Q

Single stranded, easily broken down. Not very stable. Easy to use inside a cell for translation but not good for carrying info over generations. Carries “passages of the text to be translated and put into action”

A

RNA

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19
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

the presence of an allele of one of the genes in a gamete has no influence over which allele of another gene is present

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20
Q

behavioural dimorphism

A

subdivision within the sexes of an animal

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21
Q

plietrophy

A

when one gene influences two or more phenotypic traits that seem independent

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22
Q

epistasis

A

gene expression depends on other genes present - the effect of one gene being dependent on the presence of one or more “modifier genes”
- multiple genes act togetehr to express one phenotypic trat

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23
Q

epigenetics:

A

the study of chemical reactions that turn biological mechanisms on and off and the factors that influences these chemical reactions

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24
Q

species found in one small specific area and nowhere else

A

endemic species

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25
Q

animal that moves to a new area where it may overtake a niche of an existing species or maybe a niche not yet filled; spread rapidly, has large effects on environment

A

invasive species

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26
Q

a species moves from a population to a new one; entering a foreign country to live there from your own population. entering ones country to live

A

immigration

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27
Q

a species moves out of a population to a new one; leaving ones country where you lived

A

emigration

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28
Q

the study of human-animal relationships

A

Anthropology

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29
Q

ethology

A

Observation and description of animals in their natural or semi-natural habitat and environment

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30
Q

sociobiology

A

How natural selection selects for particular social behaviours

31
Q

behavioural ecology

A 
- The function and evolution of 
   behaviour
- Hybrid of ecology and 
  comparative psychology
- Strongly theoretical
32
Q

ethogram

A

List of behaviours with definitions:

33
Q

Can translate neuronal stuff to signals to pituitary (endocrine) and this releases hormones that go through whole bloodstream and stimulate adrenal glands (endocrine glands) that stimulate production of stress hormones and these get animal to do things (mostly getting ready for a challenge for the body)

  • end up with production of stress hormones
A

HPA-axis

34
Q

cascade of hormones that ends with the production of sex hormones

A

H-P- Gonadal Axis

35
Q

describe the main 3 parts of the cascade of the HPA axis

- what does it end with?

A

Hypothalamus → anterior pituitary → adrenal glands

End up with hormones, corticosteroids, cortisol
Flight or fight

36
Q

describe the main 3 parts of the cascade of the HPG-axis

what does it end with?

A

Hypothalamus → anterior pituitary → Gonads
End up with sex steroids
Androgens
Estrogens
Progesterone (reproduction, parental behaviour)

37
Q

what does progesterone control?

A

reproduction and parental behaviour

38
Q

is development needed for innate behaviours?

A

yes

39
Q

what does development consist of? (stages)

A

maturation
experience
practice
learning and teaching

40
Q

example of social influence and development: How does the cow bird learn songs after being put in an unrelated birds nest?

A

The males sing songs the females then reinforce some of the songs by responding with their wings. The males will drop other songs the female did not like/ respond to

41
Q

What limits social influence among animals? advantages vs disadvantages?

A

Advantages to joining crowd or standing out by being different
Could be that you’re learning from an outlier, so there might be guards against this
Young birds learn from repetitions to a point and then don’t as much

42
Q

Explain natural selection in 5 steps

A
  1. Individuals vary
  2. Some variation is heritable
  3. Some individuals survive
    and reproduce better than
    others
  4. Survival and reproduction is
    non-random; individuals with
    more suitable traits do better
  5. End up with Organisms that
    are left have adaptations
    that are good for their
    environment
43
Q

a set of observable characteristic of an organism resulting from genotype and environment interaction

A

phenotype

44
Q

the genetic makeup of an organism

A

genotype

45
Q 
inclusive fitness score
identical twin
parents
sibling
grandmother
A 
Identical twin = 1
Parent, offspring = 0.5
Full sibling = 0.5
Half sibling = 0.25
aunt/uncle, niece/nephew = 0.25
grandparent/grandchild = 0.25
46
Q

kin selection

A

What if the behaviour was a behaviour that helped someone else with the same gene- more relatedness the more you want to help them

47
Q

Evolutionary history better displayed in a evolutionary tree

A

phylogenic trees

48
Q

____ pairs of chromosomes for humans

A

23

49
Q

______ are made of gene, genes are made of our 4 nucleotide bases

A

chromosomes

50
Q

in each chromosome there are ____ copies of genes from mom and dad

A

1 copy of genes from mom and 1 copy from dad - the two copies are allele

51
Q

allele

A

a pair of genes- one from mom one from dad

52
Q

The three major fields of animal behaviour

A
  1. psychology (comparitive)
  2. biology (behavioural)
  3. anthropology
53
Q

what is ethology

A

Observation and description of animals in their natural or semi-natural habitat and environment

54
Q

what is sociobiology

A

How natural selection selects for particular social behaviours

55
Q

what is behavioural ecology

A

The function and evolution of behaviour
Hybrid of ecology and comparative psychology
Strongly theoretical

56
Q

the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals, especially as these relate to the phylogenetic history, adaptive significance, and development of behavior

A

comparative psychology

57
Q

Pioneers of ________: Karl Von Frisch (bees and language), Konrad Lorenz (schemes of approaching behaviour), Niko Tinbergen (naturalist, field experiments)

A

ethology

58
Q

what did karl von frish study

A

bees and language- ethology

59
Q

what did niko tinbergen do

A

ethology- naturalist, did field experiments

60
Q

what did EO Wilson study?

A

sociobiology: E.O. Wilson (importance of biodiversity, ant nerd)

61
Q

who is richard dawkins?

A

a sociobiologist, Richard Dawkins (anti creationist guy; wrote “The Selfish Gene)

62
Q

_______ is the study of the behavior, biology, evolution, and taxonomy of nonhuman primates.

A

primatology

63
Q

The first two legs of animal behaviour: proximate “how”?

A
  1. Mechanism (immediate causes of behavior)

2. Development (history of the behaviour, and way organism is helped to behave in \ particular way)

64
Q

The second two legs of animal behaviour: ultimate “why”?

A
  1. Evolutionary/ phylogenetic (understanding evolutionary history and phylogeny and evolutionary function of the behaviour)
    1. Survival value
65
Q

behavioural decision equation

A

Sensory cues on what to do, + social internal states (needs; thirsty, hungry, mating) = behavioural decision

66
Q

behavioural decision equation

A

Sensory cues on what to do, + social internal states (needs; thirsty, hungry, mating) = behavioural decision

67
Q

behaviour organised through:
1.
2.

A

Neurons

Hormones

68
Q

axis definition in biology

A

chain of events within the body

69
Q

bouts

A

a chunk of repetition, mini pattern, short bursts of repetitive behaviour in an ethogram

70
Q

sequences

A

bouts put together, movements in accordance with the definitions, to create movement

71
Q

neuropeptides

A

a group of polypeptides that act like neurotransmitters

72
Q

an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli.

A

instinct

73
Q

how do juvenile behaviours develop, how does the animal not die while grow up/ how does it survive while learning how to live

A

The developing animal has to have a functioning behaviour system to do its work to survive/ keep animal alive

74
Q

influence of hormones, stress, timing, and target cells on birds songs

A

embryo : discrimination, guide for sensory learning, listening to sounds outside
Fledgling: sensory learning, learning and listening, developing brain to make discriminations between songs
Young adult: practicing, matching songs to other individuals, crystallizing adult song
Adult: adult song and song preference, female birds can tell what kind of shape the male birds are in with the males bird song

Year 2 (19 decks)

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