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Year 2 > Human Sexuality M1 > Flashcards

Human Sexuality M1 Flashcards

1
Q

What ages does the “oral” stage of the psychosexual stages of development take place?

A

0-1

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2
Q

What ages does the “anal” stage of the psychosexual stages of development take place?

A

1-3

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3
Q

What ages does the “phallic” stage of the psychosexual stages of development take place?

A

3-5

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4
Q

What ages does the “latency” stage of the psychosexual stages of development take place?

A

6-12/ puberty

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5
Q

who was the main person behind the psychoanalytic theory

A

Sigmund Freud

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6
Q

Explain what the three main parts of personality mean:

A

ID: instinctual desires “the devil”
Ego: mediates between reality and desires
Superego: internalized standard

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7
Q

What is social learning theory and its parts?

A

We learn from observing behaviors

1) imitation
2) identification
3) self-efficacy

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8
Q

What is social exchange theory? It’s parts?

A 
People try to maximize rewards while doing the minimum. 
4 components:
1) balance of cost and reward
2) Equity and equality 
3) Comparison level 
4) Comparison level for alternative
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9
Q

What is sociological theory?

A

sexuality is expressed and defined within a culture

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10
Q

What is feminist theory?

A

Inequalities between males and females are reflected in male-female relationships
Typical sexual behaviour reflects male privilege

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11
Q

What is social script theory?

A

Indicates social interactions are made easy and predictable because we follow culturally predetermined patterns of behaviour

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12
Q

What is:
Dog and meat and bell example
Has been used to understand the development of various compulsive sexual desires and fetishes

A

Classical Conditioning

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13
Q

What is:
Process by which an individual gets frequent rewards until the individual provides the desired behaviour
Pigeon pecking for food example

A

Operant conditioning

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14
Q

What is positive reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement?
Primary reinforcers?

A

Positive reinforcement: reward for behaviour
Negative reinforcement: rewarded by removing a bad stimulus
Primary reinforcers: food and sex

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15
Q

the biological sex traits that we exhibit at birth

A

sex

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16
Q

our understanding at any given time during out life-course of who we are as a
sexual being

A

sexuality

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17
Q

the traits we exhibit that are socially and culturally understood as masculine and
feminine

A

gender

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18
Q

What part of history was this:

Sex was integral part of everyday life and the afterlife
Spirituality and their gods were incorporated into sexual practice
Linked femininity and masculinity to the ability to reproduce
Masturbation considered normal and was source of creation in some myths
Kama Sutra

A hallmark of Sanskrit literature
Only portion is filled with the sexual positions it is famous for
Incorporates spirituality into sex
Kama = “desire” one of the four goals in Hindu life

A

Ancient Egypt

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19
Q

What part of history was this:

Masturbation considered normal and healthy
Pederasty (sexual activity involving a man and boy) was common, and the adult males would always be penetrator, the boy the receiver, as for the men it was considered a sign of weakness
Women’s fertility important, highly revered in mythology, however it was the woman’s fault if their pregnancies failed
Virility was sign of strength, infertility was seen as the woman’s fault

A

Ancient greece

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20
Q

What part of history was this:
Sex prohibited on certain days of week and during religious events (ex: lent), while women menstruate, were pregnant, or were nursing
Sex only meant for procreation
Acts such as oral sex, fondling were prohibited
Only sex in missionary position was acceptable
….Split into Catholics and Protestants…

A

Middle ages

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21
Q

Preferred Body Type: Anne Becker 1980s Study, Women of Fiji

A

Pre TV on island About 20% of women obese
Cultural pattern to eat beyond fullness as it was sign of high social position
Large calf size, this was seen as the ability to do work
1988 - No instances of eating disorders
When described Western traditions of beauty and thinness, the women scoffed

Then in 1995 TV brought onto island…….

Post TV on island
Young women strive for thinness
Eating disordered behaviours are a common trend

		2 years after tv media arrived on island 15% of girls surveyed had vomited to lose weight
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22
Q

What percent of girls vomited to lose weight after 2 years of tv integration

A

15%

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23
Q

When was tv introduced to the Fuji island

A

1995

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24
Q

_________

People see interactions on tv as meaningful representation of interactions in everyday life

A

Cultivation theory

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25
Q

_________

Compagnies and reporters select what to report and what to exclude
Emphasize and excluding shows viewers only what compagnies and reporters deem valuable and what they think will produce ratings

A

Agenda setting

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26
Q

________

Characters and interactions viewed on tv serve as a model for who we should be and how we should interact with others
What we should strive towards
Good example: Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment

A

social learning

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27
Q

Based on the Torah
Monotheistic (has one god), The basis of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible
Views sex as an important part of human experience and is reserved for husband and wife. Regarded as basic right of women, not men
Premarital sex is not approved in most cases, marital sex is considered ideal
Sex for both procreative and for enjoyment and bonding

A

judaism

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28
Q

Big part of New Testament was written by St. Paul who believed in dualism (mind and both were separate and often in conflict)
The desires of the body were carnal, and the mind strives for a pure and holy life
Suggested it was better to abstain from sexual intercourse completely
Said if you can’t not have sex, you better marry, or you’ll burn in Hell
Big influence on Middle Ages where people were tortured and killed for various sexual acts
Wide variety of attitudes towards sex and marriage
United church of Canada are fairly inclusive
Anyone can become pastors
All forms of legal marriage are recognized
Church supports women’s abortion
The Catholic Church
Opposes marriage equality
Any form of contraception
Women’s right to abortion
Restricts priesthood to men

A

christianity

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29
Q

Kama, the pursuit of pleasure, is where the Kama sutra originated from
Other 3 Main parts are dharma (social duties), karma (rightly world actions) and artha (achievements and prosperity)
Can have various different approaches to sexuality depending on region and historical influences
Usually has third gender. Hijra, that incorporates male and female characteristics, or those who vary in gender, or identify as transgender or intersex

A

hinduism

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30
Q

Relatively positive view of sexuality
The prophet muhammad suggested intercourse in marriage as a goal
Polygyny was valued and Muhammad himself had multiple wives
Sex outside of marriage was sinful
Often double standard for women
Rare “honor killings” in countries that adhere strictly to the Sharia law
Contraception is encouraged and sexuality is primarily for pleasure, and secondary for reproduction

A

Islam

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31
Q

part of phallic stage where a boy sees his father as a rival for his mother’s affection

A

Oedipus complex

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32
Q

penis envy

A

electra complex

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33
Q

a therapeutic approach designed to examine, correct and balance disruptions in the client’s personality

A

psychoanalysis

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34
Q

What theories were developed by Piaget and Vygot

A

cognitve theories

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35
Q

the 3 stages of social learning theory

A

imitation
identification
self-efficacy

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36
Q

4 components of social exchange theory

A
  1. balance of coast and reward
  2. equity and equality
  3. comparison level
  4. Comparison level for
    alternative
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37
Q

________ theories where:
Sexuality is defined and expressed within a given culture
Sex is linked to the societal structures of power, kinship, and ideology

A

sociological theories

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38
Q

Inequalities between males and females are reflected in male-female relationships
Typical sexual behaviour reflects male privilege

A

feminist theory

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39
Q

Indicates social interactions are made easy and predictable because we follow culturally predetermined patterns of behaviour

A

social script theory

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40
Q

Challenges assumptions about gender
Suggests that we do not have an innate gender, but that gender is learned, performed, and largely shapes, and is shaped by society

A

Queer theory

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41
Q

_____ conditioning
Dog and meat and bell example
Has been used to understand the development of various compulsive sexual desires and fetishes

A

classical conditioning

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42
Q

______ conditioning

B.F. Skinner developed it
Process by which an individual gets frequent rewards until the individual provides the desired behaviour
Pigeon pecking for food example
Positive reinforcement: reward for behaviour
Negative reinforcement: rewarded by removing a bad stimulus
Primary reinforcers: food and sex

A

Operant Conditioning

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43
Q

Founded psychoanalytic theory
Proposed idea that mental energy can from libido (sex drive)
Suggested children were innately sexual
Most of his theories were largely rooted in sex
Said women who achieved orgasm through clitoral stimulation were immature
Now we know nearly ⅔ of all women cannot orgasm from vaginal stimulation alone

A

sigmund freud

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44
Q

Developed operant conditioning

Punishment and reward

A

BF skinner

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45
Q

Well known social cognitive theorist

Imitate behaviours after observing others

A

Alfred Bandura

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46
Q

What stage and years of psycho sexual development is the erogenous zone the mouth?

A

Oral, 0-2 years

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47
Q

What stage and years of psycho sexual development is the erogenous zone the anal region?

A

Anal, 2-3 years

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48
Q

What stage and years of psycho sexual development is the erogenous zone the genitals?

A

Phallic, 3-5 years

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49
Q

Richard Con Krafft-Ebing believed:

A

Sex was for procreation
Recreational sex was a form of perversion, and pathological
Masturbation was root of sexual deviance

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50
Q

Henry Havelock Ellis

A

Masturbation and same-sex behaviour is good

Reported similar sex desire b/w men and women

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51
Q

Magnus Hirschfeld

A

Advocate for sexual minorities
Founded Scientific Humanitarian Committee (homosexual and transgender rights)
Made scale of 64 sexual identities

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52
Q

Margaret Sanger

A

Birth control activist

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53
Q

Alfred Kingsley

A

Established Kingsley Research Institute for Research in gender, sex and reproduction
Famous for two books: Sexual Behaviour of Males/ Females
Scale of hetero-bi-homo (0-6) with X-factor later on made for asexual people
Challenged belief vaginal stimulation was superior to clitoral stimulation

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54
Q

Margaret Mead

A

Documented uninhibited sex practices in South Pacific and Southeast Asia cultures

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55
Q

Masters & Johnson

A

Researched what happen to male and female body during intercourse
Treated sexual dysfunctions
Observed people having sex for study
Published: Human Sexual Response; Human Sexual Inadequacy

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56
Q

Shere Hite

A

Focused on female sexuality
Revealed about 70% of women did not orgasm during intercourse
“The Hite Report”

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57
Q

used to measure sexual arousal by looking at increased temp due to blood flow in erectile tissue

A

Thermography

58
Q

a tampon shaped device illuminates vagina walls and measures blood flow. Use to research asexual women

A

Vagina Photoplethysmogram

59
Q

infrared light project onto skin to detect moving blood cells

A

Laser Doppler Imaging:

60
Q

placed at base of penis to measure blood flow

A

Penis Strain Gauge:

61
Q

brain imaging during certain activities. Tells us how sexual arousal is triggered, and how the brain reacts to sexual stimuli by monitoring changes in blood flow within in the brain

A

MRI or fMRI:

62
Q

sex:

A

physical characteristics that are often used to define male or female

63
Q

all characteristics, traits, apparel, mannerisms and other things that we understand as feminine, masculine, or androgynous

A

gender expression

64
Q

gender expression

A

all characteristics, traits, apparel, mannerisms and other things that we understand as feminine, masculine, or androgynous

65
Q

the range of experiences of man, woman, and trans or otherwise. Best thought of as a range of identities on a spectrum

A

gender identity

66
Q

gender identity

A

the range of experiences of man, woman, and trans or otherwise. Best thought of as a range of identities on a spectrum

67
Q

who we are emotionally, spiritually, physically sexually attracted to

A

sexual orientation

68
Q

all aspects of our bodies and personalities that construct how we and others understand ourselves as sexual beings

A

sexuality or sexual identity

69
Q

sexuality or sexual identity

A

all aspects of our bodies and personalities that construct how we and others understand ourselves as sexual beings

70
Q

the three steps of gender development in children? What do they mean?

A
  1. Detecting gender: recognizing differences between male and female
  2. Having gender: recognizing oneself in these categories
  3. Doing gender: matching ones behaviour with male or female stereotypes
71
Q

what is social structural theory (in terms of gender)?

A

Gender differences from unequal power divisions
Privilege and power embedded in a patriarchal story
Very gendered language about sexual assault (Judge Kavanaugh)

72
Q

refractory periods for men and women after orgasm

A

Refractory period in males before another ejaculation: 30sec - 24hrs

Women have no refractory period

73
Q

_____aroused by women’s bodies

A

hetero men

74
Q

_____ aroused by men’s’ bodies

A

homo men

75
Q

______: aroused by both men and female bodies, especially if sexual activity is
involved

A

hetero women

76
Q

____ aroused by women’s bodies

A

homo women

77
Q

_____ engage in more fantasy

A

women

78
Q

____ report more fluidity in terms of sexual orientation and same-sex activity

A

women

79
Q

___ are more likely to have fetishes or paraphilias

A

men

80
Q

intersex

A

Umbrella term for people who aren’t completely identified as one sex or another at the time of birth

81
Q

synonym for intersex that is now not use because of stigma

A

hermaphrodites

82
Q

females missing 1 X chromosome

so person has (x)

A

Turner’s syndrome

83
Q

Males with more than one X chromosome

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

84
Q

symptoms of Turner’s syndrome

A 
Short height
Infertile and non-menstruating (if no hormonal therapy)
Underdeveloped breasts
Short and webbed neck
Low ears
Low neck hairline
Swollen hands/feet at birth
85
Q

turners syndrome facts

A

1 in 2500 females
Most identify as female and intersex
Seems to occur randomly

86
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome symptoms

A 
Learning difficulties
sterility
 breast development
Small testes
Shorter than average penises
Low testosterone
87
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome facts

A

Effects 1 in 500-1000 males
Seems to occur randomly
Often undiagnosed until puberty

88
Q

Affects the development of sex characteristics

Impacts adrenal gland development

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia CAH

89
Q

Individuals with congenital Adrenal Syndrome may experience:

A 
Ambiguous genitalia in infancy
Early pubic hair 
Increased childhood growth
Delayed or absent puberty
Excessive facial hair 
infertility
90
Q

what do individuals with CAH overproduce and why

A

Bodies cannot produce corticosteroids, so their bodies over produce sex hormones to compensate

all because their adrenal gland development is impacted

91
Q

Has XY chromosomes - often appear as women
Body doesn’t fully respond to androgens
Can inhibit development of male genitalia and secondary characteristics

A

Androgen insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

92
Q

5-Alpha-reductase Deficiency

A

Cause: Body does not convert testosterone to 5s-reductase
Child is born with testes and wolffian structures but the male appearance does not typically take place before puberty
Rare, but cases clustered in regions such as Dominican Republic - 1/90 ppl
Child born female but during puberty becomes male naturally (literally penis and testes develop)
Child hits puberty secondary male characteristics are activated since these individuals respond to other types of androgens

93
Q

Why do people with Dominican republic syndrome suddenly develop male genitals at puberty

A

Child hits puberty secondary male characteristics are activated since these individuals respond to other types of androgens

94
Q

What gender identity is in the DSM as a mental disorder

A

transgendered people as “gender identity disorder”

95
Q

what are the two requirements for transgender gender surgery

A
  1. Treated by a psychologist

2. Live as opposite sex for a period of time (usually 1 year) before gender reassignment surgeries

96
Q

what percentage of ppl regret their transition surgery

A

2% or less

97
Q

What things might happen during a female to male surgery?

A

Breast reductions/removals
Phalloplasty (construction of penis)
Removal of womb, ovaries and fallopian tubes

98
Q

what things might happen during a male to female surgery?

A 
Voice
Breast 
Skin
Adam's apple
Genitals
Hair removal or electrolysis
99
Q

Is there any difference to someone depending on when a surgery takes place (transitioning)?

A

Earlier the better (hormones reversed earlier is better)

100
Q

what is required for a person to have transitioning surgery?

A

having been diagnosed with “gender identity disorder”

101
Q

Syndrome where ppl are genetically males (XY chromosomes) but often appear as females as they do not respond to androgens

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

102
Q

can people with AIS have children? why?

A

no bc they have no internal female sexual organs (but usually has vagina and female breasts)

103
Q

what happens to male organs in ppl with AIS?

A

Penis often underdeveloped; urethra may develop on underside

One or both testes may not descend

104
Q

sexual differentiation occurs when?

A

6 weeks into development

105
Q

What gene determines the Y chromosome?

A

srY gene

106
Q

fatty pad of tissue covering pubic bone

A

mons pubis

107
Q

has pubic hair, provides protection for clitoris and inner lips

A

labia majora

108
Q

swell and push out to prepare vaginal canal for intercourse, provide protection against infections and irritation

A

labia minora

109
Q

membrane of skin that partially covers vaginal opening

A

hymen

110
Q

the sensitive entryway to vaginal and urethral openings

A

vulvar vestibule

111
Q

vestibulodynia

A

condition that makes vaginal opening so sensitive penetration is painful and unpleasant

112
Q

seperate opening in vulvua exclusively for urine

A

urethral opening

113
Q

Very sensitive region below the vulvar vestibule, covered by the labia and sometimes the hymen, leading to the vaginal canal

A

vaginal openining

114
Q

A canal that leads to the cervix

expands during arousal, can expand 5-7.5 cm

A

the vagina

115
Q

located at top of vagina and connected to uterus

secretes mucus

A

cervix

116
Q

connects to two fallopian tubes on either side

A

uterus

117
Q

three layers of uterus

A
  1. endometrium (innermost and shed)
  2. myometrium (muscular middle)
  3. Perimetrium (smooth outer)
118
Q

two ducts that carry cilia from ovaries to uterus

A

fallopian tubes

119
Q

release ovum and female sex hormones

A

ovaries

120
Q

vast majority of structure is internal, only hood and head is external

A

clitoris

121
Q

prostate of a woman is associated with this in more recent years

A

G-spot

122
Q

lie close to the crus of the vaginal opening and push labia minora out when aroused

A

vestibular bulbs

123
Q

pair of glands on front wall of vagina that empty their ducts into the uretha

A

skenes glands

124
Q

the head of the penis (most sensitive part)

A

the glans

125
Q

two tubes that run on top of penis that erect with blood

A

the two corpora cavernosa

126
Q

a tube that stays spongy and soft when penis is erect. contains and protects uretha

A

the corpus spongiosum

127
Q

Serves to protect head of penis and produce smegma to lubricate the skin underneath the foreskin

A

the foreskin

128
Q

a condition where foreskin is too tight and may tear

A

phimosis

129
Q

contains tests epididymis and ductus deferens

A

the scrotum

130
Q

the dartos muscles

A

make testes contract when in cold environment

131
Q

suspends each testis in scrotum

contains vas deferens, blood vessels and nerves

A

spermatic cord

132
Q

layer of muscle that lifts tests when contracted

A

cremaster muscle

133
Q

male reproductive organs that secrete male sex hormones and produce sperm

A

testes

134
Q

many tubes that create sperm inside testes

A

seminiferous tubules

135
Q

where sperm matures and feels like lump on sides of testes

A

epididmyis

136
Q

tube that connects testes to urethra; the sperm duct

A

vas deferens

137
Q

contribute up to 70% of ejaculate fluid

A

seminal vesicles

138
Q

secretes thick milky alkaline fluid that creates a chemically safer environment for sperm

A

prostate gland

139
Q

secretes precum that prepare the urethra for ejaculation

A

cowper’s gland

140
Q

each sperm has ____ chromosome

A

23

Year 2 (19 decks)

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