Human Sexuality M1 Flashcards
What ages does the “oral” stage of the psychosexual stages of development take place?
0-1
What ages does the “anal” stage of the psychosexual stages of development take place?
1-3
What ages does the “phallic” stage of the psychosexual stages of development take place?
3-5
What ages does the “latency” stage of the psychosexual stages of development take place?
6-12/ puberty
who was the main person behind the psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud
Explain what the three main parts of personality mean:
ID: instinctual desires “the devil”
Ego: mediates between reality and desires
Superego: internalized standard
What is social learning theory and its parts?
We learn from observing behaviors
1) imitation
2) identification
3) self-efficacy
What is social exchange theory? It’s parts?
People try to maximize rewards while doing the minimum. 4 components: 1) balance of cost and reward 2) Equity and equality 3) Comparison level 4) Comparison level for alternative
What is sociological theory?
sexuality is expressed and defined within a culture
What is feminist theory?
Inequalities between males and females are reflected in male-female relationships
Typical sexual behaviour reflects male privilege
What is social script theory?
Indicates social interactions are made easy and predictable because we follow culturally predetermined patterns of behaviour
What is:
Dog and meat and bell example
Has been used to understand the development of various compulsive sexual desires and fetishes
Classical Conditioning
What is:
Process by which an individual gets frequent rewards until the individual provides the desired behaviour
Pigeon pecking for food example
Operant conditioning
What is positive reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement?
Primary reinforcers?
Positive reinforcement: reward for behaviour
Negative reinforcement: rewarded by removing a bad stimulus
Primary reinforcers: food and sex
the biological sex traits that we exhibit at birth
sex
our understanding at any given time during out life-course of who we are as a
sexual being
sexuality
the traits we exhibit that are socially and culturally understood as masculine and
feminine
gender
What part of history was this:
Sex was integral part of everyday life and the afterlife
Spirituality and their gods were incorporated into sexual practice
Linked femininity and masculinity to the ability to reproduce
Masturbation considered normal and was source of creation in some myths
Kama Sutra
A hallmark of Sanskrit literature
Only portion is filled with the sexual positions it is famous for
Incorporates spirituality into sex
Kama = “desire” one of the four goals in Hindu life
Ancient Egypt
What part of history was this:
Masturbation considered normal and healthy
Pederasty (sexual activity involving a man and boy) was common, and the adult males would always be penetrator, the boy the receiver, as for the men it was considered a sign of weakness
Women’s fertility important, highly revered in mythology, however it was the woman’s fault if their pregnancies failed
Virility was sign of strength, infertility was seen as the woman’s fault
Ancient greece
What part of history was this:
Sex prohibited on certain days of week and during religious events (ex: lent), while women menstruate, were pregnant, or were nursing
Sex only meant for procreation
Acts such as oral sex, fondling were prohibited
Only sex in missionary position was acceptable
….Split into Catholics and Protestants…
Middle ages
Preferred Body Type: Anne Becker 1980s Study, Women of Fiji
Pre TV on island About 20% of women obese
Cultural pattern to eat beyond fullness as it was sign of high social position
Large calf size, this was seen as the ability to do work
1988 - No instances of eating disorders
When described Western traditions of beauty and thinness, the women scoffed
Then in 1995 TV brought onto island…….
Post TV on island
Young women strive for thinness
Eating disordered behaviours are a common trend
2 years after tv media arrived on island 15% of girls surveyed had vomited to lose weight
What percent of girls vomited to lose weight after 2 years of tv integration
15%
When was tv introduced to the Fuji island
1995
_________
People see interactions on tv as meaningful representation of interactions in everyday life
Cultivation theory
_________
Compagnies and reporters select what to report and what to exclude
Emphasize and excluding shows viewers only what compagnies and reporters deem valuable and what they think will produce ratings
Agenda setting
________
Characters and interactions viewed on tv serve as a model for who we should be and how we should interact with others
What we should strive towards
Good example: Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment
social learning
Based on the Torah
Monotheistic (has one god), The basis of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible
Views sex as an important part of human experience and is reserved for husband and wife. Regarded as basic right of women, not men
Premarital sex is not approved in most cases, marital sex is considered ideal
Sex for both procreative and for enjoyment and bonding
judaism
Big part of New Testament was written by St. Paul who believed in dualism (mind and both were separate and often in conflict)
The desires of the body were carnal, and the mind strives for a pure and holy life
Suggested it was better to abstain from sexual intercourse completely
Said if you can’t not have sex, you better marry, or you’ll burn in Hell
Big influence on Middle Ages where people were tortured and killed for various sexual acts
Wide variety of attitudes towards sex and marriage
United church of Canada are fairly inclusive
Anyone can become pastors
All forms of legal marriage are recognized
Church supports women’s abortion
The Catholic Church
Opposes marriage equality
Any form of contraception
Women’s right to abortion
Restricts priesthood to men
christianity
Kama, the pursuit of pleasure, is where the Kama sutra originated from
Other 3 Main parts are dharma (social duties), karma (rightly world actions) and artha (achievements and prosperity)
Can have various different approaches to sexuality depending on region and historical influences
Usually has third gender. Hijra, that incorporates male and female characteristics, or those who vary in gender, or identify as transgender or intersex
hinduism
Relatively positive view of sexuality
The prophet muhammad suggested intercourse in marriage as a goal
Polygyny was valued and Muhammad himself had multiple wives
Sex outside of marriage was sinful
Often double standard for women
Rare “honor killings” in countries that adhere strictly to the Sharia law
Contraception is encouraged and sexuality is primarily for pleasure, and secondary for reproduction
Islam
part of phallic stage where a boy sees his father as a rival for his mother’s affection
Oedipus complex
penis envy
electra complex
a therapeutic approach designed to examine, correct and balance disruptions in the client’s personality
psychoanalysis
What theories were developed by Piaget and Vygot
cognitve theories
the 3 stages of social learning theory
imitation
identification
self-efficacy
4 components of social exchange theory
- balance of coast and reward
- equity and equality
- comparison level
- Comparison level for
alternative
________ theories where:
Sexuality is defined and expressed within a given culture
Sex is linked to the societal structures of power, kinship, and ideology
sociological theories
Inequalities between males and females are reflected in male-female relationships
Typical sexual behaviour reflects male privilege
feminist theory
Indicates social interactions are made easy and predictable because we follow culturally predetermined patterns of behaviour
social script theory
Challenges assumptions about gender
Suggests that we do not have an innate gender, but that gender is learned, performed, and largely shapes, and is shaped by society
Queer theory
_____ conditioning
Dog and meat and bell example
Has been used to understand the development of various compulsive sexual desires and fetishes
classical conditioning
______ conditioning
B.F. Skinner developed it
Process by which an individual gets frequent rewards until the individual provides the desired behaviour
Pigeon pecking for food example
Positive reinforcement: reward for behaviour
Negative reinforcement: rewarded by removing a bad stimulus
Primary reinforcers: food and sex
Operant Conditioning
Founded psychoanalytic theory
Proposed idea that mental energy can from libido (sex drive)
Suggested children were innately sexual
Most of his theories were largely rooted in sex
Said women who achieved orgasm through clitoral stimulation were immature
Now we know nearly ⅔ of all women cannot orgasm from vaginal stimulation alone
sigmund freud
Developed operant conditioning
Punishment and reward
BF skinner
Well known social cognitive theorist
Imitate behaviours after observing others
Alfred Bandura
What stage and years of psycho sexual development is the erogenous zone the mouth?
Oral, 0-2 years
What stage and years of psycho sexual development is the erogenous zone the anal region?
Anal, 2-3 years
What stage and years of psycho sexual development is the erogenous zone the genitals?
Phallic, 3-5 years
Richard Con Krafft-Ebing believed:
Sex was for procreation
Recreational sex was a form of perversion, and pathological
Masturbation was root of sexual deviance
Henry Havelock Ellis
Masturbation and same-sex behaviour is good
Reported similar sex desire b/w men and women
Magnus Hirschfeld
Advocate for sexual minorities
Founded Scientific Humanitarian Committee (homosexual and transgender rights)
Made scale of 64 sexual identities
Margaret Sanger
Birth control activist
Alfred Kingsley
Established Kingsley Research Institute for Research in gender, sex and reproduction
Famous for two books: Sexual Behaviour of Males/ Females
Scale of hetero-bi-homo (0-6) with X-factor later on made for asexual people
Challenged belief vaginal stimulation was superior to clitoral stimulation
Margaret Mead
Documented uninhibited sex practices in South Pacific and Southeast Asia cultures
Masters & Johnson
Researched what happen to male and female body during intercourse
Treated sexual dysfunctions
Observed people having sex for study
Published: Human Sexual Response; Human Sexual Inadequacy
Shere Hite
Focused on female sexuality
Revealed about 70% of women did not orgasm during intercourse
“The Hite Report”
used to measure sexual arousal by looking at increased temp due to blood flow in erectile tissue
Thermography
a tampon shaped device illuminates vagina walls and measures blood flow. Use to research asexual women
Vagina Photoplethysmogram
infrared light project onto skin to detect moving blood cells
Laser Doppler Imaging:
placed at base of penis to measure blood flow
Penis Strain Gauge:
brain imaging during certain activities. Tells us how sexual arousal is triggered, and how the brain reacts to sexual stimuli by monitoring changes in blood flow within in the brain
MRI or fMRI:
sex:
physical characteristics that are often used to define male or female
all characteristics, traits, apparel, mannerisms and other things that we understand as feminine, masculine, or androgynous
gender expression
gender expression
all characteristics, traits, apparel, mannerisms and other things that we understand as feminine, masculine, or androgynous
the range of experiences of man, woman, and trans or otherwise. Best thought of as a range of identities on a spectrum
gender identity
gender identity
the range of experiences of man, woman, and trans or otherwise. Best thought of as a range of identities on a spectrum
who we are emotionally, spiritually, physically sexually attracted to
sexual orientation
all aspects of our bodies and personalities that construct how we and others understand ourselves as sexual beings
sexuality or sexual identity
sexuality or sexual identity
all aspects of our bodies and personalities that construct how we and others understand ourselves as sexual beings
the three steps of gender development in children? What do they mean?
- Detecting gender: recognizing differences between male and female
- Having gender: recognizing oneself in these categories
- Doing gender: matching ones behaviour with male or female stereotypes
what is social structural theory (in terms of gender)?
Gender differences from unequal power divisions
Privilege and power embedded in a patriarchal story
Very gendered language about sexual assault (Judge Kavanaugh)
refractory periods for men and women after orgasm
Refractory period in males before another ejaculation: 30sec - 24hrs
Women have no refractory period
_____aroused by women’s bodies
hetero men
_____ aroused by men’s’ bodies
homo men
______: aroused by both men and female bodies, especially if sexual activity is
involved
hetero women
____ aroused by women’s bodies
homo women
_____ engage in more fantasy
women
____ report more fluidity in terms of sexual orientation and same-sex activity
women
___ are more likely to have fetishes or paraphilias
men
intersex
Umbrella term for people who aren’t completely identified as one sex or another at the time of birth
synonym for intersex that is now not use because of stigma
hermaphrodites
females missing 1 X chromosome
so person has (x)
Turner’s syndrome
Males with more than one X chromosome
Klinefelter’s syndrome
symptoms of Turner’s syndrome
Short height Infertile and non-menstruating (if no hormonal therapy) Underdeveloped breasts Short and webbed neck Low ears Low neck hairline Swollen hands/feet at birth
turners syndrome facts
1 in 2500 females
Most identify as female and intersex
Seems to occur randomly
Klinefelter’s syndrome symptoms
Learning difficulties sterility breast development Small testes Shorter than average penises Low testosterone
Klinefelter’s syndrome facts
Effects 1 in 500-1000 males
Seems to occur randomly
Often undiagnosed until puberty
Affects the development of sex characteristics
Impacts adrenal gland development
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia CAH
Individuals with congenital Adrenal Syndrome may experience:
Ambiguous genitalia in infancy Early pubic hair Increased childhood growth Delayed or absent puberty Excessive facial hair infertility
what do individuals with CAH overproduce and why
Bodies cannot produce corticosteroids, so their bodies over produce sex hormones to compensate
all because their adrenal gland development is impacted
Has XY chromosomes - often appear as women
Body doesn’t fully respond to androgens
Can inhibit development of male genitalia and secondary characteristics
Androgen insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
5-Alpha-reductase Deficiency
Cause: Body does not convert testosterone to 5s-reductase
Child is born with testes and wolffian structures but the male appearance does not typically take place before puberty
Rare, but cases clustered in regions such as Dominican Republic - 1/90 ppl
Child born female but during puberty becomes male naturally (literally penis and testes develop)
Child hits puberty secondary male characteristics are activated since these individuals respond to other types of androgens
Why do people with Dominican republic syndrome suddenly develop male genitals at puberty
Child hits puberty secondary male characteristics are activated since these individuals respond to other types of androgens
What gender identity is in the DSM as a mental disorder
transgendered people as “gender identity disorder”
what are the two requirements for transgender gender surgery
- Treated by a psychologist
2. Live as opposite sex for a period of time (usually 1 year) before gender reassignment surgeries
what percentage of ppl regret their transition surgery
2% or less
What things might happen during a female to male surgery?
Breast reductions/removals
Phalloplasty (construction of penis)
Removal of womb, ovaries and fallopian tubes
what things might happen during a male to female surgery?
Voice Breast Skin Adam's apple Genitals Hair removal or electrolysis
Is there any difference to someone depending on when a surgery takes place (transitioning)?
Earlier the better (hormones reversed earlier is better)
what is required for a person to have transitioning surgery?
having been diagnosed with “gender identity disorder”
Syndrome where ppl are genetically males (XY chromosomes) but often appear as females as they do not respond to androgens
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
can people with AIS have children? why?
no bc they have no internal female sexual organs (but usually has vagina and female breasts)
what happens to male organs in ppl with AIS?
Penis often underdeveloped; urethra may develop on underside
One or both testes may not descend
sexual differentiation occurs when?
6 weeks into development
What gene determines the Y chromosome?
srY gene
fatty pad of tissue covering pubic bone
mons pubis
has pubic hair, provides protection for clitoris and inner lips
labia majora
swell and push out to prepare vaginal canal for intercourse, provide protection against infections and irritation
labia minora
membrane of skin that partially covers vaginal opening
hymen
the sensitive entryway to vaginal and urethral openings
vulvar vestibule
vestibulodynia
condition that makes vaginal opening so sensitive penetration is painful and unpleasant
seperate opening in vulvua exclusively for urine
urethral opening
Very sensitive region below the vulvar vestibule, covered by the labia and sometimes the hymen, leading to the vaginal canal
vaginal openining
A canal that leads to the cervix
expands during arousal, can expand 5-7.5 cm
the vagina
located at top of vagina and connected to uterus
secretes mucus
cervix
connects to two fallopian tubes on either side
uterus
three layers of uterus
- endometrium (innermost and shed)
- myometrium (muscular middle)
- Perimetrium (smooth outer)
two ducts that carry cilia from ovaries to uterus
fallopian tubes
release ovum and female sex hormones
ovaries
vast majority of structure is internal, only hood and head is external
clitoris
prostate of a woman is associated with this in more recent years
G-spot
lie close to the crus of the vaginal opening and push labia minora out when aroused
vestibular bulbs
pair of glands on front wall of vagina that empty their ducts into the uretha
skenes glands
the head of the penis (most sensitive part)
the glans
two tubes that run on top of penis that erect with blood
the two corpora cavernosa
a tube that stays spongy and soft when penis is erect. contains and protects uretha
the corpus spongiosum
Serves to protect head of penis and produce smegma to lubricate the skin underneath the foreskin
the foreskin
a condition where foreskin is too tight and may tear
phimosis
contains tests epididymis and ductus deferens
the scrotum
the dartos muscles
make testes contract when in cold environment
suspends each testis in scrotum
contains vas deferens, blood vessels and nerves
spermatic cord
layer of muscle that lifts tests when contracted
cremaster muscle
male reproductive organs that secrete male sex hormones and produce sperm
testes
many tubes that create sperm inside testes
seminiferous tubules
where sperm matures and feels like lump on sides of testes
epididmyis
tube that connects testes to urethra; the sperm duct
vas deferens
contribute up to 70% of ejaculate fluid
seminal vesicles
secretes thick milky alkaline fluid that creates a chemically safer environment for sperm
prostate gland
secretes precum that prepare the urethra for ejaculation
cowper’s gland
each sperm has ____ chromosome
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