Metabolism, Fuels, Uptake Of Carbohydrate- Leture 9/14/21 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain fuel

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathway

A

A series of enzyme assisted reactions that do chemistry proteins are capable of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of pathway (examples (3)

A

Linear (glycolysis)
Cycles (urea cycle)
Spirals (fatty acid synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does regulation occur in pathways

A

The steps furthest from equilibrium in the cell (the most negative delta G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Regulation of enzyme (4)

A
  1. Inhibition or stimulation by small molecules
  2. Covalent modification
  3. Regulation of amount of enzyme
  4. Compartmental separation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Role of phosphorylation (rough rule)

A

Phosphorylation tends to promote breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone of the well fed state, promotes oxidation of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone of acute stress, tends to promote oxidation of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone of the starved state, tends to promote glucose synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cortisol

A

Hormone for long term stress response, tends to promote the synthesis of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of disaccharides (3)

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose-glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose-glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sucrose

A

Fructose (glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polysaccharides example (2)

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Starch

A

Polyglucose

17
Q

Amylose

A

Linear polyglucose

18
Q

Amylopectin

A

Branched poly glucose

19
Q

Glycemic index

A

Area under the blood glucose curve, the higher the glycemic index, the more insulin response

20
Q

Factors influencing glycemic index (8)

A
Sugar content
Type of starch
Physical barriers
Viscosity of soluble fiber
Fat and protein content
Acid content
Food processing
Cooking
21
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A

Starts in mouth, continues in intestine and colon

22
Q

Salivary alpha amylase

A

Cleaves 1->4 glucose, cannot cleave the 1->6 bonds

23
Q

Limit dextrins

A

Smaller polyglucose with branches

24
Q

Pancreas amylase

A

Continued digestion after passing through stomach

25
Q

CCK

A

Cholecystokinin, food reaching the intestine stimulates I-cells to produce CCK that stimulates pancreas enzymes to release digestive enzymes

26
Q

Sucrase-isomaltase

A

Breaks down sucrose and dextrins

27
Q

Maltose-glucoamylase

A

Breaks down maltose and amylase to glucose compenents

28
Q

Lactase

A

Breaks down lactose

29
Q

Glut 5

A

Facilitated diffusion, moves fructose into cell from intestinal lumen

30
Q

Glut 2

A

Moves glucose to the blood from the intestinal epithelium, liver from portal system

31
Q

SGLT1

A

Moves glucose and galactose into intestinal epithelial against concentration gradient by coupling with sodium transport

32
Q

SGLT locations

A

Intestinal mucosa, kidney brush border

33
Q

Glut4

A

Moves glucose into skeletal muscle, fat, and white blood cells, INSULIN DEPENDENT

34
Q

Fanconi-Bickel Syndrome

A

It is a glut2 deficiency, glucose can’t be filtered by the liver and leads to post-prandial hyperglycemia

35
Q

Insulin mechanism of actio

A

Moves GLut4 from intracellular vesicles to cell surface, effectively increasing Vmax

36
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

Lack of lactase, creates osmotic effect in lower GI tract to pull water out of cells and also bacterial actions create dissension cramps

37
Q

Benefits of malabsorption

A

Undigested polysaccharides important in gastric emptying, stool bulk, lower cholesterol, may absorb carcinogens

38
Q

Reasons carbs may not be absorbed

A
  • Not digestible by our enzymes
  • Insufficient enzyme levels
  • Transporter insufficiency or defect
  • Lack of sufficient intestinal surface (celiac)