Carbohydrate Conjugation- Lecture 9/10/21

Question 1

Aldehydes

Answer 1

Carbohydrate with double bond O H group on the end

Question 2

Ketones

Answer 2

Carbohydrate with a double bond O CH2OH group on the end

Question 3

Ring form of carbohydrate

Answer 3

In equilibrium with linear form, but ring is favored

Question 4

Anomeric carbon

Answer 4

Carbon attached to the double bond O

Question 5

Alpha form

Answer 5

When OH is below the ring

Question 6

Beta form

Answer 6

When OH is above the ring

Question 7

Glucoside

Answer 7

A ring carbon with a methyl on it

Question 8

Activated sugar nucleotides

Answer 8

In order to make a polysaccharide, the O has to be activated by a UDP nucleotide

Question 9

Maltose

Answer 9

Glucose a(1->4)glucose

Question 10

Lactose

Answer 10

Galactose b(1->4) glucose

Question 11

Sucrose

Answer 11

Glucose a(1->2) fructose

Question 12

Polyglucose

Answer 12

Example: Glycogen, can also have 1->6 bonds

Question 13

Glucosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Answer 13

Long, linear chains of sugars that sulfates are added to

Question 14

Gangliosides

Answer 14

Sugars attached to lipid molecules

Question 15

Glycation

Answer 15

Proteins reacting spontaneously with carbohydrates without enzyme activity (ex: HbA1c)

Question 16

Glycosylation

Answer 16

Sugars added to proteins enzymatically in the lumen of ER/golgi. Can be N-linked or O-linked

Question 17

O-linked glycosylation

Answer 17

Added to threonine or serine, sugars are added one at a time

Question 18

N-linked glycosylation

Answer 18

14 sugars are added directly to asparagine after being assembled on dolichol phosphate

Question 19

Dolichol phosphate

Answer 19

The specialized lipid the the N linked complex is assembled on

Question 20

GAG breakdown

Answer 20

Stepwise in lysosomes by endo or exoglycosidases, defects are LSDs

Question 21

Mucins

Answer 21

Major macromolecular constituents of mucus which provides barrier and lubrication

Question 22

Proteoglycans

Answer 22

Usually consist of core protein O-linked to a glycosaminoglycan

Question 23

examples of proteoglycans (2)

Answer 23

Basement membrane supporting endothelium

Shock absorber in knee cartilage

Question 24

CRD/CBD/Lectin

Answer 24

Carbohydrate recognition domain/carbohydrate binding domain

Question 25

Role of blood type in ulcers

Answer 25

H. Pylori (bacterium that causes ulcers) recognize type O sugars more easily

Question 26

Selection-carbohydrate interactions in leukocyte trafficking

Answer 26

Random contact between sugars on leukocytes leads to “rolling” along the epithelium and movement into tissues after activation