Mental Health Ch. 1 Flashcards
A state of being, relative rather than absolute; simultaneous success at working, loving, & creating with the capacity for mature flexible resolution of conflicts between instincts, conscience, important other people, & reality.
Early’s definition of Mental health
Defined in relation to changing life conditions & responding constructively & creatively to the changing demands & opportunities of real life.
Power point definition of mental health
A behavioral or psychological syndrome that causes significant distress, disability, or a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, or an important loss of freedom.
Mental disorder / illness
A manifestation of of some behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the person (maybe secondary to or due to a general medical condition)
Syndrome
Name 3 possible causes for mental disorder.
- Behavioral
- Psychological
- Biological
What was early mental health OT tx originally based upon?
Moral tx methods
Name the 3 areas of the moral tx daily program.
- Work
- Rest
- Leisure
In regards to mental illness, what did moral tx programs emphasize?
- Formation of habits
- Development of skills
- Attention
Name the valued traits of the early OT.
- Kindliness
- Modeling of correct habits
- Ability to analyze & adjust occupations to suit the interests & capacities of Pts
Name 2 factors that greatly restrain referrals for Mental health OT.
- Physicians
- Psychiatry
Name the purpose for early tx methods such as water baths & confinement in wooden restraints.
Compel Pts to submit to the rules of the institutions in which they were housed.
In the 1940s what did the physicians focus their tx on for major mental disorders?
Change the brain by changing the biology of the body.
Name the 3 preferred treatments for major mental disorders of the 1940s.
- Prefrontal lobotomy
- Insulin shock tx
- Electroconvulsive (shock) therapy (ECT)
Inducement of coma by lowering blood sugar with injections is known as…
Insulin shock tx
When were tranquilizers developed & introduced to mental health therapy?
1950s
What is the purpose of tranquilizers & treatment of the seriously mentally ill?
To control & diminish the psychotic symptoms & extreme behaviors so that occupational therapy & tx may be provided.
In what year did the Community Mental Health Act take passage?
1963
What is the Community Mental Health Act also known as?
Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act
To establish community-based tx facilities & to move the mentally ill from institutional setting to community living is the purpose of the…
Community Mental Health Act
In what year did the legislation for Medicaid & Medicare pass?
1965
With the enactment of Medicaid & Medicare, where was responsibility of the seriously mentally ill shifted to?
From the states to the federal government
The focus of tx programs to helping non-seriously mentally ill Pts occurred during what time period?
1960s & 1970s
Name the different therapies that were provided in the 1960s & 1970s.
- Gestalt therapy
- Milieu therapy
- Behavioral therapy
- Family therapy
Name the 2 factors that may cause mental illness.
- Genetic predisposition
- Possibly viruses
Presently, what is psychiatry oriented toward?
- Biological
- Biochemical research
- Pharmacological interventions
What are the 3 different imaging techniques used by Psychiatry?
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- Computed tomography (CT)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Name the 2 interventions prevalent for persons with mental disorders.
- Medications
- Psychiatric Rehabilitation
What is the goal of psychiatric rehabilitation tx?
Helping persons with mental disorders to function at their best in the environments of their choice.
When was the National Alliance on Mental Illness founded (NAMI)?
1979
What does NAMI & similar organizations advocate?
- Appropriate housing
- Community care
- Supported employmen
- Peer support
- Education
What is mental health parity?
A proposed public policy that requires insurance companies to reimburse for mental health care to the same extent as for physical health care
Emotions & psychological defenses are known as…
Psychodynamics
Why did Gail & Jay Fidler begin to use activities to evaluate Pt’s psychodynamics?
Activities were analyzed & matched symbolically to psychic content to meet Pt’s unconscious needs.
After WW2, interest in rehabilitating veterans led to an emphasis in what 2 things?
- Workmanship
- Vocational readiness
In response to criticism of not having a scientific basis, from what theory did OT adopt its vocabulary & concepts?
Psychoanalysis
When did behavioral therapy start being used in OT for the mentally ill?
1960s & 1970s
Name the techniques used to diminish acting out & to promote healthy behavior with the mentally ill & mentally retarded.
Behavioral therapy
How did therapists believe they could improve their Pt’s functioning through behavioral therapy?
Reinforcing desired behavior through carefully selected rewards & by enforcing limits on undesirable behavior.
Who is responsible for applying sensory integration theory & methods to Pts with chronic psychiatric disorders during the 1970s?
Lorna Jean King
Who developed the sensory integration theory?
A. Jean Ayres
At present day, what type of mental disorders may sensory integration be used for?
Behavioral disorders
Why did Lorna Jean King use sensory integration theory for chronic Psychiatric disorders?
She proposed that poor functioning & grossly abnormal posture in chronic schizophrenia could be attributed to errors in sensory processing.
Who developed cognitive disabilities theory in the 1980s?
Claudia Allen
A person’s performance in a task indicates the quality of his or her thought is the basis for what theory?
Cognitive disabilities theory
How many cognitive levels are there in the cognitive disabilities theory?
6
What may contribute to the psychiatric diagnosis & be used to predict future functioning & to identify the interventions most likely to be effective?
Diagnosis of cognitive level
What attribute the problems in functioning to defects of the structure or function of the nervous system in Pts with severe & persistent mental illness?
- Sensory integration
- Cognitive disabilities
In order to function, if the Pt’s defects cannot be remediated, it must be…
Compensated
Lorna Jean King’s therapeutic approach is considered more remedial or compensatory?
Remedial
Claudia Allen’s therapeutic approach is considered more remedial or compensatory?
Compensatory
Kielhofner & Burke developed what theory?
Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)
Human response to the environment is formed from an interaction among what 3 systems?
- Volition (motivation)
- Habituation (roles & habits)
- Performance (skills of the mind, brain, & body)
Human response to the environment is formed from an interaction among volition, habituation, & performance is…
Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)
Name the purpose of the cognitive behavioral approach.
Investigates the feelings & thoughts that drive behavior.
When applying cognitive behavioral approach, what is the Pt taught to do?
- Taught to challenge erroneous ideas & prove them false
- Change the erroneous behavior
Understanding the occupational nature of humans, the nature of occupation & its effectiveness of OT is…
Occupational Science
Who is responsible for developing Occupational Science
Florence Clark
Name the person responsible for the development of sensory processing, an evaluation instrument to help identify sensory sensitivities & differences & strategies to compensate for these.
Catana Brown
How does sensory processing affect Pts with serious mental disorders?
- May be acutely sensitive to environmental factors (noise or odor)
- May be very insensitive & unaware of sensations from the environment
If a Pt is insensitive & unaware of sensations from the environment, how may they be affected?
The Pt may miss cues from other people.
The telling of a personal story & the appreciation of this story by the therapist are the focus of…
Narrative reasoning
This law mandates that qualified persons not be excluded from employment & work activities due to physical or mental impairments.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
Name the causes of decreased hospital-based OT practice.
- Decreased length of stay
- Staff shortages
- Reduced reimbursement
Name the greatest challenges for OT?
- Maintain professional visibility
- Claim its unique expertise in occupation
- Make Pts, insurance companies, & federal agencies aware of its ability to address the problems of the mentally ill
What is NBCOT?
National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy
Name the 3 levels of OTA.
- Generalist
- Skilled clinician
- Master clinician
