Mental Health 2 Flashcards
Mastery
Anthropological Hypothesis
Endorphin Hypothesis
Monoamine Hypothesis
explain effects of… via
neurotransmitters…
exercise can increase rate that…
exercise leads to increased…
much of the evidence for these models is based on…
We were born to move
- During stress (e.g., exercise) body produces endorphins
- Endorphins = body’s natural painkillers
- Hypothesis
- Endorphins released during exercise → exercise feeling good → reduced depression
- Reality
- More research required!
- Explain effects of exercise on depression via alteration in neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters implicated in regulation of emotion
- Exercise can increase rate at which neurotransmitters produced, released and processed
- Exercise leads to increased neurogenesis
- Much of the evidence for these models based on animal research
Mastery and Social Hypotheses
* Psychology is only…
* MASTERY – build …, feel better…., may help to …
* Increase … over one’s environment
- SOCIAL INTERACTION –building … provides the support and relationships needed to….
- May be an important …, but not …
- Can see benefits of exercise even if …
- Psychology is only one part of it…
- Mastery – build self-efficacy, feel better about oneself, may help to alleviate depression
- Increase control over one’s environment
- Social Interaction –building social connections provides the support and relationships needed to alleviate symptoms of depression
- May be an important part, but not causal
- Can see benefits of exercise even if done alone
What is Stress?
* What we experience when we …
- Psychophysiological tension experienced in face of…
- Stressors (challenges) can be:
- … or …
- …. (negative) or … (positive)
- Sources – …, …, …
- Primary appraisal
- Assessing …
- Secondary appraisal
- Assessing…
What is Stress?
* What we experience when we face challenges (stressors) in our lives
- Psychophysiological tension experienced in face of real and/or perceived challenges
- Stressors (challenges) can be:
- External or Internal
- Distress (negative) or Eustress (positive)
- Sources – biological, psychological, interpersonal
- Primary appraisal
- Assessing stressor as important and potentially demanding
- Secondary appraisal
- Assessing resources to deal with stressor can lead to revision of primary appraisa
- People self-report feeling less stress following….
- Seems likely exercise useful in reducing….
- Research necessary to examine both aspects of …
- Exercise can lead to:
- Reduced risk of….
- Exercise is associated with …, ….
- Potential mechanism – ….
- People self-report feeling less stress following acute exercise bouts and feeling less stressed in general when physically active
- Seems likely exercise useful in reducing stress response
- Whether in terms of reduced reactivity to stressor or faster recovery from stressor remains unclear
- Research necessary to examine both aspects of stress response and potential buffering effects exercise may have
- Exercise can lead to:
- Reduced risk of disease and disability associated with stress
- Exercise is associated with less stress, better coping
- Potential mechanism – socializing
Defining Anxiety
* Anxiety disrupts thought….
* When anxiety affects processes to such an
extent that. … is disrupted, it becomes …
* “…” anxiety distinguished from
“…” anxiety on basis of … and …. of symptoms, degree of suffering, and degree of ….
* Diagnosed with …
Prevalence of anxiety
* …..% prevalence rate for diagnosable anxiety disorder in US adult population
* Of those individuals diagnosed:
* …% serious
* …% moderate
* ….% mild
- Anxiety disrupts thought processes, behavior, and alters physiological functioning
- When anxiety affects processes to such an extent that normal behavior is disrupted, it becomes clinical
- “Clinical” anxiety distinguished from
“normal” anxiety on basis of number and intensity of symptoms, degree of suffering, and degree of dysfunction - Diagnosed with DSM-V
Prevalence
* 16-18% prevalence rate for diagnosable anxiety disorder in US adult population
* Of those individuals diagnosed:
* 22.8% serious
* 33.7% moderate
* 43.5% mild
Anxiety is more than increased arousal:
1. Perceptions and concern over threat are….
2. Cognitive and behavioral actions undertaken to….
3. Anxiety usually last far longer than…
4. Anxiety can occur in…
Anxiety is more than increased arousal:
1. Perceptions and concern over threat disproportionate to actual threat
2. Cognitive and behavioral actions undertaken to avoid symptoms of anxiety
3. Anxiety usually experienced far longer than arousal lasts
4. Anxiety can occur in absence of actual threat; even perceived threat can result in anxiety
Symptomology of anxiety
* Anxiety can be manifested both ….
by one or more of the following:
* … feelings (…)
* … symptoms
* Changes in …
* Changes in ….
* ….
* Treatment: same as … – …, ….
AFTER
Measurement of anxiety
- State Anxiety:
- …. emotional state characterized by feelings of …. and …. autonomic nervous system activity
- Assess … and … … bout of exercise
- Trait Anxiety:
- General …. to respond with … across many …
- Assess … and … … exercise program
- Anxiety can be manifested both psychologically and physiologically and is characterized
- Unpleasant feelings (emotions)
- Bodily symptoms
- Changes in cognition
- Changes in behavior
- Vigilance
- Treatment: same as depression – meds, therapy…limitations!
AFTER
- State Anxiety:
- Transient emotional state characterized by feelings of apprehension and heightened autonomic nervous system activity
- Assess before and after single bout of exercise
- Trait Anxiety:
- General predisposition to respond with anxiety across many situations
- Assess before and after chronic exercise program
Measuring anxiety
* Psychological measures
*
- Physiological measures
- *
TREATMENT
- Psychological measures
- Self-report inventories (STAI, POMS-T)
- Physiological measures
- Blood Pressure and Heart rate (ECG)
- Muscle tension (EMG)
- Sweaty palms (GSR)
- Neurocognitive (EEG, fMRI)
- Neuroendocrine (salivary assays)
PA HELPS!!!!
Evidence for Exercise as Treatment
* Some evidence suggests exercise useful ….
* Regular exercise habits associated with…
* Increase in fitness, not just PA level, associated with…
* … and …. people may have most to gain from exercise training from psychological perspective
* …. exercise sufficient to decrease anxiety
* Exercise has been shown to be …. as other known anxiety-reducing treatments
- Some evidence suggests exercise useful in treatment of anxiety
- Regular exercise habits associated with low symptom scores
- Increase in fitness, not just PA level, associated with anxiety reduction
- Low-fit and highly anxious people may have most to gain from exercise training from
psychological perspective - Moderate intensity exercise sufficient to decrease anxiety
- Exercise has been shown to be as effective as other known anxiety-reducing treatments
Defining Emotional Well-Being
* All emotions and moods are under affect
- Affect:
- Well-being:
- Moods:
* - Emotions:
- Causes ….
Defining Emotional Well-Being
* All emotions and moods are under affect
- Affect:
- A more general like or dislike response
- Evolutionarily more primitive (i.e., pain)
- Does not require thought processes to precede it
- Well-being:
- A greater amount of positive affect than negative affect
- Favorable thoughts such as satisfaction with life
- Moods:
- Subjective states that have a cognitive basis
- Can enhance or interfere with behavior
- Come and go with sometimes unidentifiable causes
- Emotions:
- An immediate response to a specific stimulus that requires some level of cognitive input
- Usually short term, more intense and variable than moods
- Causes identifiable
Exercise-Specific Measures
* Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory (EFI)
* Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES)
* Physical Activity Affect Scale (PAAS)
* Feeling Scale (FS)
Limitations:
* None have shown to be any more sensitive to exercise stimuli or better capture
the exercise context than general well-being measures
- Exercise-specific measures:
- Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory (EFI)
- Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES)
- Physical Activity Affect Scale (PAAS)
- Feeling Scale (FS)
Limitations:
* None have shown to be any more sensitive to exercise stimuli or better capture
the exercise context than general well-being measures
Temporal Dynamics of Affective Responses
* Important implications in exercise ….
* If person does not feel well … exercise, even if he/she feels better …, may be less inclined to ….
* Post-exercise positive feelings may not “… ” negative feelings … exercise
Temporal Dynamics of Affective Responses
* Important implications in exercise prescription
* If person does not feel well during exercise, even if he/she feels better afterwards, may be less inclined to continue the activity.
* Post-exercise positive feelings may not “override ” negative feelings during exercise
- Moderate amounts of exercise usually…
- Positive affect tends to increase pre-post exercise following exercise intensities that are not….
- Recommend exercise for…. minutes duration and intensities in moderate range (…% aerobic capacity) to achieve positive psychological changes
HIIT training good or bad?
- Moderate amounts of exercise usually energize exerciser
- Positive affect tends to increase pre-post exercise following exercise intensities that are not exhaustive
- Recommend exercise for 20-30 minutes duration and intensities in moderate range (70% aerobic capacity) to achieve positive psychological changes
Signs of Exercise Dependence
- Tolerance
- Withdrawal
- Intention Effects
- Loss of conrol
- Tolerance
- Need for increased amount of exercise to achieve desired effect
- Diminished effect with same amount of exercise
- Withdrawal
- Withdrawal symptoms when exercise missed –e.g., tension
- Exercise relieves or helps avoid withdrawal symptoms
- Intention Effects
- Exercise often lasts longer than originally intended
- Loss of Control
- Persistent desire and/or unsuccessful effort to control exercise
- “I am unable to reduce how long I exercise”
