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NBCOT Exam > Mental Health > Flashcards

Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

Sundowning

A

Occurs in the late afternoon and night in older people. Characterized by drowsiness, confusion, ataxia, falling, agitation, and sometimes aggression.

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2
Q

Hypervigilance

A

Excessive attention and alertness that guards against potential danger

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3
Q

Trance

A

A sleep like state with minimal environmental awareness, followed by amnesia for the experience

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4
Q

Echopraxia

A

Meaningless imitation of another person’s movements

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5
Q

Catatonia

A

Characterized by immobility or rigidity

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6
Q

Stereotypy

A

The repetition of fixed patterns of movement and speech (e.g., echolalia)

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7
Q

Psychomotor Agitation

A

Excessive motor and cognitive activity, usually nonproductive and in response to inner tension

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8
Q

Akathisia

A

The state of restlessness characterized by an urgent need for movement, usual a side effect of medication

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9
Q

Ataxia

A

The irregularity or failure of muscle coordination upon movement

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10
Q

Circumstantiality

A

Speech that is delayed in reaching the point and contains excessive or irrelevant details

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11
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs about external reality without an appropriate stimulus that cannot be explained by the individual’s intelligence or cultural background

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12
Q

Compulsions

A

A need to act on specific impulses to relieve associated anxiety

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13
Q

Obsessions

A

Constitute a persistent thought or feeling that cannot be eliminated by logical thought

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14
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Expressive aphasia. A disturbance in which the individual knows what he wants to cay, but can’t say it

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15
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Receptive aphasia. Loss of the ability to comprehend what is being said

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16
Q

Nominal Aphasia

A

The inability to name objects

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17
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory perceptions that are not in response to an external stimulus

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18
Q

Illusions

A

Misperceptions or misinterpretations of real sensory events

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19
Q

Agnosia

A

The inability to understand and interpret the significance of sensory input

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20
Q

Apraxia

A

The inability to carry out specific motor tasks in the absence of sensory or motor impairment

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21
Q

Depersonalization

A

Subjective sense of being unreal or inanimate. Associated with conversion and dissociative phenomena.

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22
Q

Derealization

A

Subjective sense that the environment is unreal. Associated with conversion and dissociative phenomena.

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23
Q

Fugue

A

A state of serious depersonalization, often involving travel or relocation, in which the individual takes on a new identity with amnesia for his old identity. Associated with conversion and dissociative phenomena.

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24
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Involved the appearance that an individual has developed two or more distinct personalities.

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25
Q

Dissociation

A

Involved the separation of a group of mental or behavioral processed from the rest of the person’s psychic activity. May involve separating an idea from its emotional tone.

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26
Q

Immediate Memory

A

recall material within seconds or minutes

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27
Q

Recent Memory

A

Recall events of the past few days

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28
Q

Recent Past Memory

A

Recall events of the past few months

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29
Q

Remote Memory

A

Recall events of the distant past

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30
Q

Schizophrenia - Diagnostic Criteria

A
  • Criterion A: The presence of 2 or more of the following
    • Delusions
    • Hallucinations
    • Disorganized speech
    • Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
  • Criterion B: Disturbance in one or more areas of function such as work, relationships, or self care.
  • Criterion C: Continuous signs of the illness for 6 months, including at least a month of symptoms in criterion A.
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31
Q

Schizophrenia - Positive symptoms

A

Excesses or distortions of normal function such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized behavior.

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32
Q

Schizophrenia - Negative symptoms

A

Represent a loss or absence of function.

  • Restricted emotion
  • Decreased thought and speech
  • lack of motivation and initiative
  • Inability to relate to others
33
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A

Characterized by preoccupation with one or more delusions of persecution or grandeur. Frequently experience auditory hallucinations, but exhibit fewer negative symptoms.

34
Q

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A

Distinguished by marked regression demonstrating primitive, disinhibited, and disorganized behavior.

35
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A

Characterized by severe disturbance in motor behavior involving stupor, negativism, rigidity, excitement, or posturing.

36
Q

Residual Schizophrenia

A

Used when there is continued evidence of schizophrenic behavior in the absence of a complete set of diagnostic criteria

37
Q

Schizophreniform disorder

A

The individual meets the criteria for schoziophrenia; however, the episode lasts more than a month but less than six months (required for schizophrenia)

38
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

The person has an uniterrupted period of illness during which, at some time, there is a major depressive, manic, or mixed episode concurrent with symptoms that meet Criterion A symptoms for schizophrenia.

39
Q

Delusional Disorder

A

Predominant symptoms are non-bizzare delusions with the absence of other criterion A symptoms of schizophrenia.

40
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

The individual experiences at least one day but less than one month with one or more criterion A symtpoms of schizophrenia which result from severe psychosocial stress.

41
Q

Psychotic Disorders - Impact on function

A
  • Sensory processing deficits make interaction with the environment frightening
  • Socially inappropriate and intrusive behaviors
  • Difficulty with relationships
  • Difficulty in all areas due to deficits in cognitive function caused by thought disorders
  • Assess and monitor degree of assistance and structure needed to maintain independence
42
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

A

An autonomic emergency leading to increased blood pressure, tachycardia, sweating, convulsions, and coma. A side effect of antipsychotic medications.

43
Q

OT considerations for Psychotic Disorders

A
  • Communicate simply, clearly, and concretely
  • Use external structure to organize thinking
  • Provide supports and tools to enable recovery
44
Q

Bipolar I

A
  • One or more manic episodes
  • May be combined with depressive episodes
45
Q

Bipolar II

A
  • One or more major depressive episodes
  • Must be at least one hypomanic episode
46
Q

Dysthymia

A

At least 2 years of a depressed mood, most days, with depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode

47
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

At least 2 years with numerous periods of hypoanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a manic or major depressive episode.

48
Q

Manic Episode - Impact on function

A
  • Lack of inhibition leads to excessive spending, impulsive travel, flamboyant behavior, etc.
  • May become labile, threatening, and assaultive
  • May have high energy levels and require little sleep
  • Poor judgement can lead to dangerous situations, poor self carel relationship problems, and substance abuse
49
Q

OT considerations for Manic Episode

A
  • Limit-setting to reduce individual’s fears of losing control
  • Engagement in activities that provide for release of excess energy in a positive and therapeutic manner
  • Between episodes, educate individual and family on symptom management
50
Q

Major Depressive Episode - Impact on Function

A
  • Often tearful, brooding, and isolative
  • Anxiety leads to excessive concerns about physical health, complaints of pain, and alcohol abuse
  • Limited interest in activity and difficulty performing tasks in all areas of occupation
51
Q

OT considerations for Major Depressive Episode

A
  • Always provide a safe environment and be aware of behaviors that might threaten safety (suicide)
  • The most dangerous time is when the depression lifts and the person becomes mobile
52
Q

Substance use disorders

A
  • Dependence - must be evidence of tolerance and withdrawal
  • Abuse - must be continued use dspite serious consequences
53
Q

Substance-induced disorders

A

Includes intoxication, withdrawal, and substance-induced anxiety, affective, and psychotic disorders. Treated medically

54
Q

OT considerations for Substance Abuse

A
  • OT assists in identifying realistic expectations and discharge plans
  • Address individual’s reasons for substance abuse
  • Assist in developing coping skills including: social skills, work/education productivity skills, and leisure without substances.
  • Support groups
55
Q

Panic Attacks - Definition

A
  • Periods of intense fear or discomfort, in which four or more symptoms develop abruptly and reach a peak within 10 minutes:
    • Palpatations
    • Sweating
    • Trembling
    • Shortness of breath
    • Feelings of choking
    • Chest pain
    • Nausea
    • Feeling dizzy or faint
    • Derealization or depersonalization
    • Fear of going crazy or losing control
    • Fear of dying
    • Paresthesias
    • Chills or hot flashes
56
Q

Agoraphobia - Definition

A

Anxiety about being in places or situations where it might be difficult or embarassing to escape. Situations are avoided or endured with anxiety about having a panic attack.

57
Q

OT considerations for Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Use cognitive behavioral appraochs and skills training to reduce avoidant behavior
  • Develop relaxation and stress management skills
  • Provide graded activities to promote self-efficacy
58
Q

Personality disorder - Definition

A

Evidence of characteristics and patterns of inner experience and behavior that ddeviate markedly from the culturally accepted norms in cognition, affect, impulse control, and interpersonal relations. Behavior must be inflexible and maladaptive across a broad range of personal and social situations. Must be evidence of onset in late childhood or adolescence.

59
Q

Personality disorder - Cluster A

A
  • Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
  • Often perceived as odd and eccentric
60
Q

Personality Disorder - Cluster B

A
  • Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
  • Often perceived as dramatic, emotional, and erratic
61
Q

Personality Disorder - Cluster C

A
  • Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and NOS
  • Often perceived as anxious and fearful
62
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A
  • Characterized by long-standing suspiciousness and mistrust of people in general
  • Refuse responsibility for their own feelings
  • Appear hostile, irritable, and angry
63
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A
  • A lifelong pattern of social withdrawal
  • Discomfort with human interaction, introversion, and bland, constricted affect
  • Often seen as eccentric, isolated, and lonely
64
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A
  • Appear odd or strange in thinking and behavior
  • Magical thinking, peculiar ideas, ideas of reference, illusions, and derealization are frequent
65
Q

Antisocial Personalilty Disorder

A
  • Characterized by continual antisocial or criminal acts, but is not synonymous with criminality
  • An inability to conform to social norms
  • Have no regard for safety or feeling of others
  • Lack remorse
66
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • Experience extraordinarily unstable affect, mood, behavior, relationships, and self-image.
  • Fear of real or imagined abandonment leads to frantic efforts to avoid it
  • Recurent self-destructive behavior may be threatened or carried out
  • Majority of patients have a history of trauma or abuse
67
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A
  • Characterized by colorful, dramatic, extroverted behavior in excitable, emotional persons.
  • Inability to maintain deep, long-lasting attachments with accompanying flamboyant presentation
68
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A
  • A heightened sense of self-importance and a grandiose feeling that they are special in some way
69
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A
  • Extreme sensitivity to rejection, leading to a socially withdrawn life
  • Not asocial. Have a great desire for companionship, but consider themselves unworthy.
  • Need unusually strong and repeated assurance of acceptance
  • Referred to as having an inferiority complex
70
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A
  • Individuals subordinate their own needs to those of others and needo thers to assume responsibility for major areas in their lives
  • Lack self-confidence
  • Experience discomfort when alone for more than a brief period
71
Q

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder

A
  • Emotional constriciton, orderliness, perseverance, stubborness, and indecisiveness
  • A pervasive pattern of perfectionism and inflexibility
  • NOT the same as OCD
72
Q

OT considerations for Personality Disorders

A
  • Assist individual in identifying issues in order to increase commitment to treatment
  • Cognitive behavioral approaches can increase functional skills
73
Q

Delirium

A
  • A disturbance of consciousness with a decreased ability to attend
  • A change grom previous cognition
  • Covers a short period of time (hours to days) and fluctuates
  • Many causes, including medication, fever, cardiac disorders, brain dysfunction, etc.
74
Q

Reversible Causes of Mental Confusion

A
  • Sensory changes and problems
  • Drug use and misuse of medications
  • Infections/inflammation
  • Metabolic problems
  • Dehydration
  • Depression
75
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A
  • Brain disorder caused by thiamine (B1) defeciency, usually associated with heavy alcohol use
  • Symptoms include memory loss, personality changes, lack of insight into condition, and confabulation
76
Q

Reisburg’s Stages of Dementia

A
  • Stage 1: No disability noted
  • Stage 2: Person forgets normal age-related information.
  • Stage 3: Beginning signs and deficits are noted Difficulty with complex tasks and directions to new locations.
  • Stage 4: Deficits are noted in all IADLs. Difficulty with sequencing, challenging activities, and word finding.
  • Stage 5: Cannot funciton independently. Unsafe to drive. Cues and assist forADLs. Forgets self-care needs.
  • Stage 6: Cannot perform ADLs without cues. Cannot speak in full sentences. Becomes incontinent.
  • Stage 7: Vegetative state
77
Q

OT considerations for Cognitive Disorders

A
  • Maintain quality of life through activity and environmental modifications
  • Family education
78
Q

Eating Disorders - Impact on function

A
  • ADLs (self-care, eating, feeding)
  • IADLs (shopping for food and clothes, meal prep, health management)
  • Focus on weight might interfere with work goals
  • Leisure activity may be focused on appearance and weight, rather than meaningful activity
  • Social participation can be affected by food-restriction, secrecy, and feeligns of guilt or depression
79
Q

OT considerations for Eating Disorders

A
  • Building of trust is essential
  • Be honest, supportive, and gently confrontational when indicated
  • Identify socio-emotional needs and replace with non-food related purposeful activities
  • Education about nutrion and healthy leisure

NBCOT Exam (19 decks)

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