Cardiopulmonary Flashcards
Pericardium
Fibrous protective sac enclosing the heart
Arteriosclerosis obliterans
Chronic, occlusive arterial disease of medium and small sized vessels. Associated with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, CAD, and diabetes. Affects primarily LEs.
Buerger’s disease (thromboangitis obliterans)
Chronic inflammatory vascular occlusive disease. Begins distally and progresses proximally in upper and lower extremities. Symptoms include pain, paresthesias, cold extremities, diminished temperature sensation fatigue
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Inflammation of a vein due to formation of a thrombus. Most common in LEs. Symptoms include change in temperature, color circumference appearance, or pain/tenderness. Require immediate medical attention.
Lymphedema
Excessive accumulation of fluid due to obstruction of lymphatics; causes swelling of soft tissues in arms and legs.
Raynaud’s syndrome
Abnormal vascularization reflex exacerbates by exposure to cold or emotional stress. Usually in females.
Accessory muscles of respiration
Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, levator costarum, serratus, trapezius, and pectorals
TB symptoms
A bad cough for more than 2 weeks, chest pain, blood in sputum, weakness or fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, and night sweats.
COPD
Includes peripheral airway disease, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Symptoms include dyspnea upon exertion, diminished breath sounds, wheezing, pursed lip breathing, and hypertrophy of accessory muscles.
Pulmonary edema
Excessive seepage of fluid from the pulmonary vascular system into the interstitial space.
Claudication
Pain, discomfort, or fatigue in legs during walking caused by lack of blood flow
Normal heart rate - adult
60-80 bpm
Normal heart rate - infant
120 bpm
Normal respiratory rate - adult
12-18 br/min
Normal respiratory rate - infant
40 br/min
Borg rate of perceived exertion scale
Starts with no feeling of exertion (6) and ends with very, very hard (20). Fifteen and up are considered vigorous.
BiPAP
Different levels of pressure during inhalation and exhalation
CPAP
Continuous airway pressure. Forces throat to stay open m
Abdominal Diaphragmatic Breathing
Strengthens diaphragm, decreases need to use accessory muscles, decreases energy needed for activity
Pursed lip breathing
Controls respiratory rate, decreases rate of breathing, helps remove trapped air from lungs.
General principles of energy conservation
Pace yourself, monitor body position during activity, organize daily activities and work areas, delegate responsibilities.
Epicardium
Inner layer of pericardium
Myocardium
heart muscle, major portion of the heart
Endocardium
smooth lining on the inner surface and cavities of the heart
Blood flow through the heart
RA > tricuspid valve > RV > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > LA > bicuspid valve > LV > aortic valve > body
Sinoatrial (SA) node
main pacemaker of the heart; initiates sinus rhythm; has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation affecting both heart rate and strength of contraction
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation; merges with bundle of His. Stimulated by impulse from SA node.
Purkinje tissue
specialized conducting tissue of the ventricles
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Atherosclerotic disease process that narrows the lumen of coronary arteries resulting in ischemia to the myocardium
Atherosclerosis
Thickening of the inside of the blood vessel walls from the accumulation of lipids
Angina Pectoris
Clinical manifestation of ischemia characterized by substernal chest pain/discomfort felt ass pressure or a dull ache in the chest or left arm. May be felt anywhere in the upper body. Usually lasts less than 20 minutes due to transient ischemia. Represents an imbalance in myocardial oxygen supply and demand.
Myocardial Infarction
Prolonged ischemia, injury, and death of the myocardium caused by occlusion of one or more coronary arteries. Results in necrosis of heart tissue. Symptoms include shortness of breath, indigestion, and pain of more than 20 minutes in neck, jaw, arm, or epigastric area.
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
A condition in which the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation of the blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.
Heart Disease Class I
No limits to activity, no complaints. Max MET 6.5
Heart Disease Class II
Slight activity limit; comfort at rest; ordinary activities result in fatigue, pain, dyspnea, palpitations. Max MET 4.5
Heart Disease Class III
Marked limitation; comfort at rest; less than ordinary activity - fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and angina pain. Max MET 3.0
Heart Disease Class IV
Inability to carry out physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms present at rest. Discomfort with any activity. Max MET 1.5
Angioplasty
under fluoroscopy, surgical dilation of a blood vessel using small balloon-tipped catheter.
Intravascular stents
A pliable wire mesh (endoprosthesis) is implanted after an angioplasty to prevent restenosis of the artery
CABG
surgical circumvention of an obstruction in a coronary artery using an anastamosing graft. Results in improved blood flow, but reconditioning.
Ventricular Assistive Devices (VADs)
implanted devices that improve tissue perfusion and maintains cardiogenic circulation. Used with severely involved patients.
Cystic Fibrosis
Autosomal recessive trate causing a chronic, progressive lung condition as well as pain, developmental delays, and decreased endurance.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Caused by insufficient production of substance needed to keep alveoli open due to premature birth. Lungs collapse after each breath. Mothers can be treated with steroids before delivery to help. May require supplemental oxygen, CPAP, or intubation.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Respiratory disorder as a result of barotrauma. A complication of prematurity causing the walls of immature lungs to thicken. Complications include hypotonia, feeding problems, CNS problems with developmental delays, and conductive hearing loss.
