Cardiopulmonary

Question 0

Pericardium

Answer 0

Fibrous protective sac enclosing the heart

Question 1

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

Answer 1

Chronic, occlusive arterial disease of medium and small sized vessels. Associated with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, CAD, and diabetes. Affects primarily LEs.

Question 2

Buerger’s disease (thromboangitis obliterans)

Answer 2

Chronic inflammatory vascular occlusive disease. Begins distally and progresses proximally in upper and lower extremities. Symptoms include pain, paresthesias, cold extremities, diminished temperature sensation fatigue

Question 3

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 3

Inflammation of a vein due to formation of a thrombus. Most common in LEs. Symptoms include change in temperature, color circumference appearance, or pain/tenderness. Require immediate medical attention.

Question 4

Lymphedema

Answer 4

Excessive accumulation of fluid due to obstruction of lymphatics; causes swelling of soft tissues in arms and legs.

Question 5

Raynaud’s syndrome

Answer 5

Abnormal vascularization reflex exacerbates by exposure to cold or emotional stress. Usually in females.

Question 6

Accessory muscles of respiration

Answer 6

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, levator costarum, serratus, trapezius, and pectorals

Question 7

TB symptoms

Answer 7

A bad cough for more than 2 weeks, chest pain, blood in sputum, weakness or fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, and night sweats.

Question 8

COPD

Answer 8

Includes peripheral airway disease, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Symptoms include dyspnea upon exertion, diminished breath sounds, wheezing, pursed lip breathing, and hypertrophy of accessory muscles.

Question 9

Pulmonary edema

Answer 9

Excessive seepage of fluid from the pulmonary vascular system into the interstitial space.

Question 10

Claudication

Answer 10

Pain, discomfort, or fatigue in legs during walking caused by lack of blood flow

Question 11

Normal heart rate - adult

Answer 11

60-80 bpm

Question 12

Normal heart rate - infant

Answer 12

120 bpm

Question 13

Normal respiratory rate - adult

Answer 13

12-18 br/min

Question 14

Normal respiratory rate - infant

Answer 14

40 br/min

Question 15

Borg rate of perceived exertion scale

Answer 15

Starts with no feeling of exertion (6) and ends with very, very hard (20). Fifteen and up are considered vigorous.

Question 16

BiPAP

Answer 16

Different levels of pressure during inhalation and exhalation

Question 17

CPAP

Answer 17

Continuous airway pressure. Forces throat to stay open m

Question 18

Abdominal Diaphragmatic Breathing

Answer 18

Strengthens diaphragm, decreases need to use accessory muscles, decreases energy needed for activity

Question 19

Pursed lip breathing

Answer 19

Controls respiratory rate, decreases rate of breathing, helps remove trapped air from lungs.

Question 20

General principles of energy conservation

Answer 20

Pace yourself, monitor body position during activity, organize daily activities and work areas, delegate responsibilities.

Question 21

Epicardium

Answer 21

Inner layer of pericardium

Question 22

Myocardium

Answer 22

heart muscle, major portion of the heart

Question 23

Endocardium

Answer 23

smooth lining on the inner surface and cavities of the heart

Question 24

Blood flow through the heart

Answer 24

RA > tricuspid valve > RV > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > LA > bicuspid valve > LV > aortic valve > body

Question 25

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer 25

main pacemaker of the heart; initiates sinus rhythm; has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation affecting both heart rate and strength of contraction

Question 26

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Answer 26

Has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation; merges with bundle of His. Stimulated by impulse from SA node.

Question 27

Purkinje tissue

Answer 27

specialized conducting tissue of the ventricles

Question 28

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Answer 28

Atherosclerotic disease process that narrows the lumen of coronary arteries resulting in ischemia to the myocardium

Question 29

Atherosclerosis

Answer 29

Thickening of the inside of the blood vessel walls from the accumulation of lipids

Question 30

Angina Pectoris

Answer 30

Clinical manifestation of ischemia characterized by substernal chest pain/discomfort felt ass pressure or a dull ache in the chest or left arm. May be felt anywhere in the upper body. Usually lasts less than 20 minutes due to transient ischemia. Represents an imbalance in myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

Question 31

Myocardial Infarction

Answer 31

Prolonged ischemia, injury, and death of the myocardium caused by occlusion of one or more coronary arteries. Results in necrosis of heart tissue. Symptoms include shortness of breath, indigestion, and pain of more than 20 minutes in neck, jaw, arm, or epigastric area.

Question 32

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Answer 32

A condition in which the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation of the blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.

Question 33

Heart Disease Class I

Answer 33

No limits to activity, no complaints. Max MET 6.5

Question 34

Heart Disease Class II

Answer 34

Slight activity limit; comfort at rest; ordinary activities result in fatigue, pain, dyspnea, palpitations. Max MET 4.5

Question 35

Heart Disease Class III

Answer 35

Marked limitation; comfort at rest; less than ordinary activity - fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and angina pain. Max MET 3.0

Question 36

Heart Disease Class IV

Answer 36

Inability to carry out physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms present at rest. Discomfort with any activity. Max MET 1.5

Question 37

Angioplasty

Answer 37

under fluoroscopy, surgical dilation of a blood vessel using small balloon-tipped catheter.

Question 38

Intravascular stents

Answer 38

A pliable wire mesh (endoprosthesis) is implanted after an angioplasty to prevent restenosis of the artery

Question 39

CABG

Answer 39

surgical circumvention of an obstruction in a coronary artery using an anastamosing graft. Results in improved blood flow, but reconditioning.

Question 41

Ventricular Assistive Devices (VADs)

Answer 41

implanted devices that improve tissue perfusion and maintains cardiogenic circulation. Used with severely involved patients.

Question 42

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 42

Autosomal recessive trate causing a chronic, progressive lung condition as well as pain, developmental delays, and decreased endurance.

Question 43

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Answer 43

Caused by insufficient production of substance needed to keep alveoli open due to premature birth. Lungs collapse after each breath. Mothers can be treated with steroids before delivery to help. May require supplemental oxygen, CPAP, or intubation.

Question 44

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Answer 44

Respiratory disorder as a result of barotrauma. A complication of prematurity causing the walls of immature lungs to thicken. Complications include hypotonia, feeding problems, CNS problems with developmental delays, and conductive hearing loss.