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NBCOT Exam > Cardiopulmonary > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary Flashcards

0
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibrous protective sac enclosing the heart

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1
Q

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

A

Chronic, occlusive arterial disease of medium and small sized vessels. Associated with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, CAD, and diabetes. Affects primarily LEs.

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2
Q

Buerger’s disease (thromboangitis obliterans)

A

Chronic inflammatory vascular occlusive disease. Begins distally and progresses proximally in upper and lower extremities. Symptoms include pain, paresthesias, cold extremities, diminished temperature sensation fatigue

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3
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A

Inflammation of a vein due to formation of a thrombus. Most common in LEs. Symptoms include change in temperature, color circumference appearance, or pain/tenderness. Require immediate medical attention.

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4
Q

Lymphedema

A

Excessive accumulation of fluid due to obstruction of lymphatics; causes swelling of soft tissues in arms and legs.

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5
Q

Raynaud’s syndrome

A

Abnormal vascularization reflex exacerbates by exposure to cold or emotional stress. Usually in females.

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6
Q

Accessory muscles of respiration

A

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, levator costarum, serratus, trapezius, and pectorals

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7
Q

TB symptoms

A

A bad cough for more than 2 weeks, chest pain, blood in sputum, weakness or fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, and night sweats.

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8
Q

COPD

A

Includes peripheral airway disease, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Symptoms include dyspnea upon exertion, diminished breath sounds, wheezing, pursed lip breathing, and hypertrophy of accessory muscles.

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9
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Excessive seepage of fluid from the pulmonary vascular system into the interstitial space.

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10
Q

Claudication

A

Pain, discomfort, or fatigue in legs during walking caused by lack of blood flow

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11
Q

Normal heart rate - adult

A

60-80 bpm

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12
Q

Normal heart rate - infant

A

120 bpm

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13
Q

Normal respiratory rate - adult

A

12-18 br/min

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14
Q

Normal respiratory rate - infant

A

40 br/min

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15
Q

Borg rate of perceived exertion scale

A

Starts with no feeling of exertion (6) and ends with very, very hard (20). Fifteen and up are considered vigorous.

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16
Q

BiPAP

A

Different levels of pressure during inhalation and exhalation

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17
Q

CPAP

A

Continuous airway pressure. Forces throat to stay open m

18
Q

Abdominal Diaphragmatic Breathing

A

Strengthens diaphragm, decreases need to use accessory muscles, decreases energy needed for activity

19
Q

Pursed lip breathing

A

Controls respiratory rate, decreases rate of breathing, helps remove trapped air from lungs.

20
Q

General principles of energy conservation

A

Pace yourself, monitor body position during activity, organize daily activities and work areas, delegate responsibilities.

21
Q

Epicardium

A

Inner layer of pericardium

22
Q

Myocardium

A

heart muscle, major portion of the heart

23
Q

Endocardium

A

smooth lining on the inner surface and cavities of the heart

24
Q

Blood flow through the heart

A

RA > tricuspid valve > RV > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > LA > bicuspid valve > LV > aortic valve > body

25
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

main pacemaker of the heart; initiates sinus rhythm; has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation affecting both heart rate and strength of contraction

26
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

Has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation; merges with bundle of His. Stimulated by impulse from SA node.

27
Q

Purkinje tissue

A

specialized conducting tissue of the ventricles

28
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

Atherosclerotic disease process that narrows the lumen of coronary arteries resulting in ischemia to the myocardium

29
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Thickening of the inside of the blood vessel walls from the accumulation of lipids

30
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Clinical manifestation of ischemia characterized by substernal chest pain/discomfort felt ass pressure or a dull ache in the chest or left arm. May be felt anywhere in the upper body. Usually lasts less than 20 minutes due to transient ischemia. Represents an imbalance in myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

31
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Prolonged ischemia, injury, and death of the myocardium caused by occlusion of one or more coronary arteries. Results in necrosis of heart tissue. Symptoms include shortness of breath, indigestion, and pain of more than 20 minutes in neck, jaw, arm, or epigastric area.

32
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

A condition in which the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation of the blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.

33
Q

Heart Disease Class I

A

No limits to activity, no complaints. Max MET 6.5

34
Q

Heart Disease Class II

A

Slight activity limit; comfort at rest; ordinary activities result in fatigue, pain, dyspnea, palpitations. Max MET 4.5

35
Q

Heart Disease Class III

A

Marked limitation; comfort at rest; less than ordinary activity - fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and angina pain. Max MET 3.0

36
Q

Heart Disease Class IV

A

Inability to carry out physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms present at rest. Discomfort with any activity. Max MET 1.5

37
Q

Angioplasty

A

under fluoroscopy, surgical dilation of a blood vessel using small balloon-tipped catheter.

38
Q

Intravascular stents

A

A pliable wire mesh (endoprosthesis) is implanted after an angioplasty to prevent restenosis of the artery

39
Q

CABG

A

surgical circumvention of an obstruction in a coronary artery using an anastamosing graft. Results in improved blood flow, but reconditioning.

41
Q

Ventricular Assistive Devices (VADs)

A

implanted devices that improve tissue perfusion and maintains cardiogenic circulation. Used with severely involved patients.

42
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive trate causing a chronic, progressive lung condition as well as pain, developmental delays, and decreased endurance.

43
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

Caused by insufficient production of substance needed to keep alveoli open due to premature birth. Lungs collapse after each breath. Mothers can be treated with steroids before delivery to help. May require supplemental oxygen, CPAP, or intubation.

44
Q

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

A

Respiratory disorder as a result of barotrauma. A complication of prematurity causing the walls of immature lungs to thicken. Complications include hypotonia, feeding problems, CNS problems with developmental delays, and conductive hearing loss.

NBCOT Exam (19 decks)

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