mental health Flashcards

Question

reaction formation

Answer 1

- reduces anxiety by taking up opposite feeling, impulse, formation EX: Treating someone you don't like in excessively friendly manner to hide true feelings

Answer 2

- disconnection, lack of continuity between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions, identity - Escape from reality in involuntary, unhealthy way - Reaction to trauma, keep difficult memories at bay

Answer 3

Severe memory loss (more than normal)- (unable to remember info about yourself, events, people in life)

Answer 4

multiple personality disorder, switching to alternative identities

Answer 5

- ongoing/episodic detachment (outside self) - Observing actions, feelings, thoughts, self from a distance (depersonalization) - Others seem foggy, dreamlike, time feels slow/fast, world seems unreal (derealization)

Answer 6

- living without mood disturbances - mood disorders - Feeling cheerfulness & tranquility, increased level of stress resilience

Answer 7

respond appropriately to subject of a conversation

Answer 8

emotions match situation & in agreement with situation

Answer 9

- Desirable, natural occurrence when from happy events - Excessive when not linked to events - Hypomania, mania, bipolar, side effect of some drugs

Answer 10

- Lack motivation to do things - Don’t care about what is happening around you

Answer 11

- Very happy - Full of energy - Self-important - easily-distractible

Answer 12

Fear of being outside

Answer 13

- Sensory experiences of things that don’t exist, not reality (hallucinations/delusions)

Answer 14

- talking with a psychiatrist, mental health provider - Learn about moods, feelings, thoughts, behaviors

Answer 15

Preoccupation with/fear of having particular disease rather than focus on individual symptoms

Answer 16

Unexplained neurological deficit in movement/sensory perception caused by psychological factors

Answer 17

- Before age 30, lasts for years - Multiple systems - Combination of pain, GI distress, neurological problems (numbness), sexual dysfunction

Answer 18

- interpersonal skills & relationships, negative social interactions - coping skills - Deep need for praise/honor - Very high view of self - Poor social skills - little/no concern for others or their feelings - Aggression - Entitlement - Pride - Inability to build/maintain relationships - emotional modulation/appropriate affect

Answer 19

- Continual antisocial or criminal acts - Inability to conform to social norms - No regard for safety or feelings of others, lack remorse - Precursor is untreated or unresponsive conduct disorder - Difficulty with authority relationships (interpersonal issue)

Answer 20

- Extreme sensitivity to rejection - Socially withdrawn - desire for companionship but consider themselves unworthy of it - feeling of uncritical acceptance - Inferiority complex (feeling inferior to others all the time)

Answer 21

- Extraordinarily unstable affect, mood swings/behavior, relationships, self-image - Fear of real or imagined abandonment with frantic efforts to avoid it - Suicidal thoughts - Alternating extremes of idealization & devaluation (splitting) - Recurrent self-destructive or self-mutilating behavior - emptiness feeling - trauma history - self-absorption - difficulty with interpersonal skills: relationships - communication issues

Answer 22

- others needs before their own - Need others to take responsibility for major areas in their life - no self-confidence - discomfort when alone for a long time

Answer 23

- Colorful, dramatic, extroverted behavior in excitable, emotional persons - Unable to maintain deep, long-lasting attachments - Accompanying flamboyant presentation

Answer 24

- Heightened sense of self-importance - Grandiose feeling that they are special in some way

Answer 25

- Emotional constriction - Orderliness - Perseverance - Stubborn - Indecisive - Pervasive pattern of perfection & inflexibility

Answer 26

- Long standing suspiciousness & mistrust of persons - Appear hostile, irritable, angry

Answer 27

- Frequently diagnosed in those with lifelong pattern of social withdrawal - Eccentric (odd), isolated, lonely - Discomfort with human interaction -introverted - bland constricted affect

Answer 28

- Odd or strange in thinking/behaviors - Magical thinking, peculiar ideas, ideas of reference - Illusion, derealization

Answer 29

sensorimotor components

Answer 30

Symptoms of schizophrenia but lasts 1-6 months instead of lifetime

Answer 31

- Delusions, hallucinations - lack of motivation - disorganized thinking (speech) - grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (catatonia) - negative symptoms - Secondary depression leading to withdrawal - avoidance -- use rewards as motivational strategies (offering a snack as an incentive to attend a group) - Abnormal social behavior - Self harm or harm to others - Extremely volatile, unstable, sometimes dangerous - Significant cognitive impairment - Genetic, brain chemistry, environmental roles AFFECTS: - cognition: EF, memory, attention, screening of relevant vs irrelevant stimuli - compromised health/wellness - recovery hindered by stigma

Answer 32

- at least 2 symptoms for at least 1 month with ongoing signs for 6 months - disturbance in 1+ areas of work, interpersonal relations, self care rule out other dx, medical condition, substance -

Answer 33

1. traditional antipsychotics: infrequently used, occasionally prescribed - SIDE EFFECTS: dry mouth, blurry vision, photosensitivity (sun sensitivity), constipation , orthostatic hypotension (be careful of certain activities which aggravate OH: parachute activity), dystonias (hyperextension or hyperflexion of the wrist & digits), akathisia (restless anxiety provoking need for movement), cardiovascular disorders Complications: - Tardive dyskinesia (not safe to operate a vehicle, should explore safer transport means) - Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism: muscle stiffness, cog-wheel rigidity, shuffling gait, drooling, stooped posture 2. atypical antipsychotics - SIDE EFFECTS: dry mouth, blurry vision, sedation, dizziness, hypotension, insomnia, confusion

Answer 34

repetitive muscle movements in face, neck, arms - should not drive when experiencing this - complication of medication (antipsychotics for schizophrenia)

Answer 35

dragging one's feet along or without lifting the feet fully from the ground

Answer 36

- Preoccupied with perceived physical flaws (imagined or slight) that are not significant to others - Concerns with appearance cause repetitive thoughts/behaviors to conceal/improve “flaws” - Interrupts social, occupational functions

Answer 37

- Perceived need to save items, difficulty discarding possessions regardless of value, need, practicality - Thought of discarding = distress, justification on why items is needed - Cramped, cluttered living conditions - impacts safety and cleanliness in home

Answer 38

- Hair pulling disorder (scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows) - Bald, patchy spots - Impacts social, occupational functioning

Answer 39

- Skin picking repeatedly - results in skin lesions - Disrupts daily occupations

Answer 40

1. anxiolytic meds (xanex, valium): - Side effects: drowsy, ataxia, headache, nausea, depression, dependence 2. Antidepressants (prozac, zoloft) 3. Antiobsessional meds (Luvox) - Side effects similar to SSRIs 4. Hypnotic meds to induce sleep Side effects similar to anxiolytics

Answer 41

longer, more detailed (use with major depression)

Answer 42

- when seeking specific info - discourage communication - Appropriate for psych patients who answer questions in unfocused, tangential manners EX: yes/no questions, one word answers (did you get to work by bus or train? Is the sky blue?)

Answer 43

suggest desired response

Answer 44

ask 2 questions at once to force a choice

Answer 45

- explore complex ideas, concepts, and beliefs by asking questions that challenge assumptions, clarify meaning, and reveal underlying principles - CBT approach to challenge maladaptive thoughts 1. What do you mean by that? 2. Why do you think that’s true? 3. Is that the only way? 4. What’s the worst that can happen? 5. Are there any counter arguments? 6. How did we arrive at that conclusion?

Answer 46

literal response

Answer 47

includes reasons leading up to event

Answer 48

Changes topic or stops in middle of responding

Answer 49

Completely off topic

Answer 50

always start with cold meal prep then progress to hot meal due to safety concerns EX: cold pasta salad to instant soup

Answer 51

- Difficulty planning or enacting the steps of an activity EX: Drying hands before using soap when washing INTERVENTION: Most appropriate INITIAL activity: baking cookies following a recipe (structure with specific sequence of tasks)

Answer 52

Uncontrolled anger, laughing, crying

Answer 53

- not recognize errors or use feedback - False beliefs about abilities - surprised/confused when given feedback EX: What do you mean

Answer 54

- interactive Intervention - empathy development, relationships with others, nonverbal & verbal communication skills, social interactions

Answer 55

Forceful, angry, destructive speech or behavior

Answer 56

Restless, sometimes aggressive/destructive activity associated with brain pathology

Answer 57

alternate attention between tasks with different cognitive or motor requirements

Answer 58

- avoiding distractions - pay attention to relevant stimuli - Dysfunction = random errors in testing (not neglect)

Answer 59

Ability to consistently engage in an activity over time Ex: playing a simple, repetitive card game in a quiet environment

Answer 60

tracking 2 stimuli in one activity (EX: looking in car mirror while watching the road)

Answer 61

Able to detect & react to gross changes in environment EX: Phone ringing , name being called

Answer 62

two tasks at once EX: Walking & bouncing a ball simultaneously

Answer 63

can't concentrate without being drawn to irrelevant stimuli

Answer 64

Excessive attention & alertness that guards against potential danger

Answer 65

Not remembering past experiences or personal identity

Answer 66

Not remembering events that occurred PRIOR to trauma

Answer 67

Unable to recall events AFTER trauma

Answer 68

paranoid PD, schizoid PD, schizotypal PD - eccentricity (abnormal), distrust, lack of interest in social contact

Answer 69

antisocial PD, borderline PD, histrionic PD, narcissistic PD - intense emotions, no empathy, unpredictable behaviors

Answer 70

- Similar to PTSD but immediately follows event - no symptoms after 1 month

Answer 71

avoidant PD, dependent PD, obsessive compulsive PD - low social drive, sensitive to criticism

Answer 72

Recall material within seconds/minutes

Answer 73

Remember events of past few days

Answer 74

Able to recall events of past few months

Answer 75

- Recall events of distant past - Long term memory

Answer 76

how to perform tasks/skills

Answer 77

- Recall consciously learned facts EX: School subjects

Answer 78

Knowing the meaning of words & able to CLASSIFY information - info about the world

Answer 79

know own personal experiences

Answer 80

- Temporary - track info while working on task - IMMEDIATELY recall info after exposure - able to focus conscious attention

Answer 81

- Capacity to remember to carry out future actions -EX: Knowing you have appointments scheduled, turn off the stove, pay bills on time - Important for SAFETY & living independently

Answer 82

meaningless imitation of other person's movements (in schizophrenia)

Answer 83

immobility/rigidity - strange movements - uncomfortable positions without moving - erratic & extreme movements - echolalia !! can be emergency if lasting for hours!!

Answer 84

meaningless repetition of words (echolalia)- in ASD, delirium, dementia, tourettes

Answer 85

- Excessive, non productive motor/cognitive activity - in response to inner tension

Answer 86

decreased/slowed motor & cognitive activity

Answer 87

Physical expression of thoughts/impulses

Answer 88

- State of restlessness - Urgent need for movement - Side effect of medication

Answer 89

irregular involuntary muscle movements

Answer 90

- CBT - group with same diagnosis - teaching info that requires learning capacity that may be impaired with acute illness

Answer 91

Enhances SI in chronic schizophrenia

Answer 92

- must have at least 5 symptoms for at least 2 weeks - 1/5 symptoms must include depressed mood or notable loss of interest/pleasure

Answer 93

- Irritability - Anhedonia - Unintentional weight loss/gain - insomnia/hypersomnia - Psychomotor agitation or retardation - Fatigue/loss of energy - Feelings of guilt or worthlessness - Poor concentration - Continual, long term sadness, emptiness, despair, isolation, hopelessness - Feeling trapped - SUICIDAL thoughts or behavior - irritable, anxious, phobias, obsessive thinking - difficulties with social, relationships, sexual functioning - somatic complaints: excessive self focus on physical symptoms - Can be subtle - can lead to malnutrition, GI issues, overall decline in physical health

Answer 94

1. Antidepressants that work on neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) to regulate mood; not for pediatric but for adolescents and up 2. SSRIs: fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), escitalopram (Lexapro), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa) 3. SNRIs: venlafaxine (Effexor), duloxetine (Cymbalta) 4. (MAOIs): phenelzine (Nardil), isocarboxazid (Marplan), tranylcypromine (Parnate), selegiline (Emsam) 5. electroconvulsive therapy Side effects: excessive thirst

Answer 95

1. COPM 2. play scale: Knox Preschool Play Scale, Test of Playfulness 3. social skills : Social Skills Rating system 4. School Function Assessment 5. OT Psychosocial Assessment of Learning 6. Miller Function & Participation Scales

Answer 96

ADLs/IADLs

Answer 97

- "low grade" version of depression - Less severe depressive symptoms FOR AT LEAST 2 YEARS with periods of no more than 2 months at a time symptom FREE - May coexist with Axis I (general diagnostic categories) or Axis III (general medical conditions) disorders Impacts function (may hold job/relationship but loses interest & often appears LETHARGIC) In Children: school phobia, difficulty sleeping, negative behaviors in school

Answer 98

- Temper outbursts - Severe & recurrent verbal or behavioral episodes - Uncharacteristic for expectations of developmental level - Overreaction to stimuli - Diagnosed between 6 & 18 years old

Answer 99

- Marked affective lability - Irritability or anger - Increased interpersonal conflicts - Depressive symptoms & mood - Marked anxiety

Answer 100

- Symptoms same as manic episode but not severe enough to cause social/occupational impairment - Last for 4 days rather than 1 week

Answer 101

- Fluctuations in mood/behavior - alternating mania & depression - genetic, chronic - Long-term psychotropic medication tx - low self-esteem and motivation - Affects family and work roles through mood - Manic episodes disrupt daily routines - High work loss rates - Suicidal thinking/behaviors - Intense emotional states

Answer 102

1. Mood stabilizers: lithium carbonate 2. Anticonvulsants: carbamazepine, gabapentin 3. Electroconvulsive therapy: cognitive side effects

Answer 103

1 or more manic episodes combined with hypomanic or major depressive episodes

Answer 104

- one or more major depressive episodes and at least 1 hypomanic episode - NO MANIC episodes

Answer 105

- "low grade" version of bipolar disorder - chronic (at least 2 years) MOOD disturbance, with fluctuating HYPOMANIC & DEPRESSIVE symptoms - Vocational function impaired with depressed moods - Social function impaired with unpredictable mood swings - Substance abuse potential problem

Answer 106

elevated/irritated mood with AT LEAST 3 OF THE FOLLOWING for at least 1 WEEK: 1. Grandiosity (feeling superior)/impulsive/inflated self-esteem 2. decreased need for sleep 3. Talkativeness/social hyperactivity/pressured speech 4. flight of ideas 5. Distractibility 6. increased activity 7. excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with disregard for consequences 8. Making decisions quickly 9. No sense of risk or danger, risky behaviors 10. Sleeping very little/not at all 11. Feeling of being “high” or “on top of the world” without any rational reason 12. restlessness 13. mood consistently elevated or irritable 14. psychomotor agitation Can be symptom of manic depressive disorder, bipolar Need to be watched closely for quick turn from manic to depressed - First appear in late teens/early 20s, rapid, abrupt onset - Independent functioning by maintenance treatment (medication) - tend to be resistant to treatment - promiscuous, gambling, excessive spending, giving things away, suggestive dress, irritable/assaultive/suicidal behavior - increased substance abuse risk

Answer 107

1. Mood stabilizing medications (1st line treatment)- Lithium - Prevent bipolar disorder 2. antipsychotics 3. Anticonvulsants: Depakote, tegretol, lamictal, topamax, neurontin, trileptal

Answer 108

Internal & external factors

Answer 109

- members contribute to overall performance of group 1. Harmonizer: manage conflict 2. Compromiser: 3. Follower 4. social-emotional leader: maintenance roles 5. supporter: encourage others 6. tension releaser: funny towards whole group 7. interpreter: manages diversity 8. central negative: argues against ideas 9. monopolizer: makes excessive verbal contributions, preventing others from participating 10. self-confessor: tries to use group as therapy session 11. insecure compliment seeker: seeks validation/recognition 12. joker: pranks, sarcastic 13. blocker: keeps things from getting done 14. withdrawer: mentally/physically removes self from group 15. aggressor: puts others down, attacks others 16. doormat: gives in when challenged

Answer 110

- Roles that group individuals assume to accomplish tasks related to overall group objective 1. Information-provider: gives knowledge 2. Information-seeker: asks for more information 3. Energizer: keeps group energy 4. Recorder: takes notes 5. leader/facilitator 6. gatekeeper: manages conversation flow for balance

Answer 111

- Implicit & explicit rules - established by group leader or members

Answer 112

Role in therapeutic group that includes 1. Facilitating participation/process 2. Defining expectations/norms 3. Teaching needed skills 4. Guiding actions towards achieving desired outcomes

Answer 113

(9-12 years) - Advisory leadership: OT is guide - SHARING & LISTENING - NO GOAL or changing behavior - Eager to interact with other members, express ideas, problem solve - Sustained interest in longer projects EX: group collage (share emotions, challenges)

Answer 114

difficulties with social skills, problem-solving - Shorter attention spans

Answer 115

- participatory leadership (OT group member, consultant) - group functions independently (self help group) - members lead - accomplish task in limited time frame - task completion is most important - GOAL: help members identify roles within group & function well within them (group needs over self desires)

Answer 116

- perform functional tasks, safety, environmental concerns DOCUMENTATION: - If client has medicare/medicaid: must have OASIS completed

Answer 117

- Independent housing with community based mental health services - Staff provide case management, support, rehab - halfway houses, group homes, supervised apartments

Answer 118

- long term care is NOT COVERED BY MEDICARE - be familiar with Medicare requirements (primary payer of OT services) - Provide information for the multidisciplinary evaluation: Minimum Data Set (MDS): Used to determine specific level of care needed

Answer 119

- older adults who need assistance with medication management, light housework, meals, activities - Provide structure - IS NOT COVERED BY MEDICARE

Answer 120

- Outpatient - comes after inpatient - structure & professional support for patients who need high level of care but not at inpatient level

Answer 121

- for most severely & acutely mentally ill - Most minimally functioning patients - Structured in organization/leadership

Answer 122

(18m-2y) - directive leadership - Little to NO interaction - Work alongside one another Ex: therapist run aerobics class

Answer 123

(2-4 y) - modified directive leadership - Specific, outcome-based activity or project - Members have SOME interaction through sharing & cooperation, healthy competition - together for short time to complete short projects while cooperating with other members OT presents short task (under 30 min), assists if needed

Answer 124

(5-7 years) - facilitative leadership - Members COLLABORATE to complete specific task in LONG TERM SETTING & choose level of interaction with each other

Answer 125

- pediatric & geriatric - sensory experiences through movement or play in structured group

Answer 126

- address barriers to specific skills for participating in occupations 1. Daily living tasks 2. Conflict resolution 3. Anger management 4. Communication skills 5. Time management 6. Clarification of values

Answer 127

- Peers interact while learning skills for personal growth 1. Stress management 2. Sleep hygiene education 3. Advocacy training 4. Caregiver support

Answer 128

- Require higher level of task behavior - Require ability to engage in occupation to enable skill development

Answer 129

- model of psychological rehabilitation - adults/elders with current mental illness or history of mental illness - All members with equal access regardless of functional level or diagnosis (only those who pose significant safety threat are excluded) - Operates with a blend of staff and members to assume leadership for all clubhouse operations with an egalitarian and strength-based context - members pursue personal goals related to their recovery, uplighting, supportive - concept of the work ordered day and conveys the expectation of members and staff to run the clubhouse side-by-side at least 5 days per week - unpaid members who are willing participants (not clients/patients) - Transitional employment offered by the clubhouse but positions are PAID - Members of group homes can opt to participate in clubhouse during the DAY - OT acts as a peer in the group - Nontraditional OT setting

Answer 130

- Leader has high level of control, directs group members - Members minimally contribute to group decision-making process - Members have LOW cognitive level

Answer 131

- group members who are functioning at a HIGHER cognitive level - Group leader acts as educator and resource - egocentric-cooperative level groups - Group members contribute to decision-making process under guidance of the leader

Answer 132

- group members functioning at a HIGHEST level - Groups occurring in community (health and wellness group) - Group members responsible for functioning of the group - OT is advisor in cooperative level groups, offers guidance/direction as needed

Answer 133

- 2 or more practitioners from same or different disciplines - support each other, combine their knowledge, take on different roles - Greater objectivity when measuring group member performance

Answer 134

- continued speech with repetition - Often in response to different stimuli or questions

Answer 135

Loss of all language skills (has all aphasias)

Answer 136

knows what they want to say but can’t say it

Answer 137

Loss of comprehension what has been said to him/her

Answer 138

unable to name objects

Answer 139

- State of serious depersonalization - Often involves travel/relocation -new identity with amnesia for old identity

Answer 140

- clear stressor causes onset of emotional & behavioral symptoms within 3 months of stressor & symptoms disappear within 6 months of stressor removal - causes marked distress in social, occupational function

Answer 141

- Child initiates interaction with unfamiliar adults with at least 2 of the following 1. Little reservation when approaching strangers 2. Overly familiar use of words/actions despite novelty & unfamiliar relationship 3. Willing to leave with unfamiliar adult - Upbringing includes: social neglect, deprivation, caregiver changes = insufficient care for forming stable relationships - occurs at min of 9 month old developmental age

Answer 142

inhibition = unable to relax/self conscious - hypervigilant, ambivalent (indecisive), contradictory interactions - do NOT show affection, withdraw, don't want to hug

Answer 143

- Excessive familiarity with strangers, - lack of selectivity

Answer 144

CAUSES: - social neglect/instability of caregivers, leading to constant changing care - disregard of child's emotions, basic physical needs, repeated primary caregiver changes - onset before age 5 BEHAVIORS: - High need for control - Frequent lying - affectionate/overly related with strangers - Hoarding, gorging on food without physical need - Denial of responsibility - Projecting blame for actions on others - Can be frustrating to work with/difficult to parent

Answer 145

1. maladaptive eating and lifestyle habits 2. meal prep and independent living skills 3. communication and assertion skills 4. stress management skills 5. Resistance to change Distorted body image Fear of gaining weight Unhealthy relationship with food Excessive exercise Fasting Induced vomiting May develop as way to control their environment, self punishment

Answer 146

- difficulty responding to stress in PTSD and cardiac problems in panic disorder - difficulty following directions & concentrating, lower memory capacity - disruption in relationship and career

Answer 147

1. Benzodiazepines 2. SSRIs 3. Tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 148

extending information from idea to generalize to another situation

Answer 149

- Self management method - identify cognitive challenges during everyday activities to create strategies

Answer 150

- Therapeutic method used in neurorehabilitation - Support ability to retrieve cognitive information at later time 1. Checklists 2. calender (schedule management) 2. Day planner 3. Posted signs/wall chart (written instructions, steps, illustrations of routine tasks, daily activities, placed in close proximity to where performance is expected)

Answer 151

- aid in mentally organizing cognitive info for later retrieval - Therapeutically used in conjunction with external strategies 1. Visual imagery 2. mnemonics

Answer 152

- Technology solutions to aid in retrieval of information during daily activities (smartphone apps) - Consider matching current abilities to device & simplicity of use

Answer 153

- Quick screening test of cognitive functioning - Structured tasks - interview - For cognitive or psychiatric dysfunction

Answer 154

- Assess intellectual function - Short questionnaire - For cognitive or psychiatric dysfunction

Answer 155

- standardized - assesses cognitive level according to ACL (determines abilities & limitations) - leather lacing task that progresses with complexity - used for cognitive or psychiatric dysfunction, dementia, acquired brain injuries level 2: no running stitch level 3: can imitate running stitch, 3 stitches level 4: imitates whip stitch, 3 stitches level 5: imitates single cordovan stitch using physical trial and error (3 stitches) level 6: imitates single cordovan stitch using mental trial & error (3 stitches) available in 3 forms: 1. ACLS (standard) 2. LACLS (large) for vision or hand function problems 3. LACLS (D) disposable large for single or serial use with clients who require infection control precautions

Answer 156

- measures presence/depth of depression - interview or questionnaire - Adolescents and adults

Answer 157

- Assesses depression in elderly - 30 item checklist (yes/no items)

Answer 158

- Measures illness severity & changes - Rates diurnal variation, depersonalization, paranoid symptoms - for mood disorder, depressive illness

Answer 159

- assesses sensory integration - physical assessment, abnormal movement, childhood history - Identifies movements (akathisia, tardive dyskinesia) - Identities developmental delays or neuro soft signs - Person drawing (for body image) - Used with adults with psychiatric dx

Answer 160

- Assess cognitive, affective, performance, social interaction skills to perform ADLs - interview, task oriented assessment: timed - measure cognition, performance, affect, qualitative signs, referral indicators - Social interaction scale - adults with psychiatric, neurological, developmental diagnosis

Answer 161

- no longer in denial (accept reality) - Important when dealing with difficult situation - OT should help client move from denial to acceptance, give practical skills to move forward with hope

Answer 162

- Caused by brain disease/injury - Can affect speech, motor skills - physically able to but brain can't communicate words/movement to body

Answer 163

more common in patients 40+

Answer 164

children, affects ability to form words

Answer 165

Unexplained physical symptoms lasting at least 6 months but do not meet dx for somatization disorder

Answer 166

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Answer 167

- Experiencing something as reality when it is not - auditory = most common (can affect any of senses) - Sign of serious mental illness/brain damage or due to exhaustion - Can be short or long term

Answer 168

- Extent that people feel that they have control over events that influence their lives - CONTINUUM (lie somewhere between the two locusts) - Impacts how patient copes with stress, motivation

Answer 169

- belief that you have control over what happens, own actions have impact - Positive attribute/desirable EX: Student who passed their exam would say “I totally aced that test because the teacher had the class participate in a really good review

Answer 170

- belief of no control over what happens, blame external variables for failure/success - Believe in self as a passive bystander who is caught up in the flow of life EX: A student who failed their exam would say “I failed that test because the teacher didn’t provide me with a good enough study guide”

Answer 171

- Society labels someone as tainted/less desirable 3 elements 1. Lack of knowledge (ignorance) 2. Negative attitudes (prejudice) 3. Discrimination Two types of stigma with mental health problems 1. Social stigma 2. Self stigma - Causes people to feel ashamed for something out of their control - Prevents people from seeking the help they need

Answer 172

- Episode of extreme anxiety (not a coded dx) - 4+ symptoms develop and peak at 10 min - Fast breathing/SOB - Not being able to catch your breath - Chest pains - Stomach pains - Shaking - Sweating or chills - Irregular heartbeat - Nausea - GI issues - sensation of choking - derealization - loss of control - fear of dying - paresthesia (pins & needles) - agoraphobia (anxiety in places where escape may be difficult/embarrassing leading to avoidance of situation)

Answer 173

- Assessment of skills & limitations through OBSERVATION in certain setting/group - No changes to person’s behavior made during evaluation - short-term activity to observe with no planned intervention

Answer 174

- builds SELF AWARENESS of self & others - develop new behaviors while working with others to complete specific task - end goal/product that members complete together - OT very involved at first (active-assisting) but becomes less involved EX: cooking group (planning, preparing, serving)

Answer 175

- Interactional skills developed in specific sequence - Purpose: teach, develop group members interaction skills - Continuum of groups (parallel, project, egocentric, cooperative, mature) - Each group builds upon previous groups and adds another level of self-awareness for participations - OT role decreases with each type of group as members develop more leadership, interpersonal skills

Answer 176

- members to engage in activities outside group more effectively (become independent) - themes: Education, skills training, problem solving, expectations

Answer 177

- activities where members will be involved in upon discharge - Focus on what patient needs to be prepared in the future

Answer 178

- focus on activities in which member is already carrying out in community - immediately helpful education, training

Answer 179

- Learn new skills for specific activity via PRACTICE - Extremely focused group, simulated structured setting directly relating to acquired skills with feedback - No focus on interaction unless it interferes with activity (conflict)

Answer 180

- Maintenance - Helps members function at highest level for as long as possible - No major change expected, no need to try to change person’s behavior in this group - OT provides unconditional positive regard

Answer 181

accepting and respecting others as they are without judgment or evaluation

Answer 182

- short term hospitalization/emergency care - Most patients won’t need any type of long-term hospitalization - Address patient’s fears about inpatient setting

Answer 183

- Patients with extreme symptoms, no response to treatment, seen as risk to themselves or others - Recognize patterns that may have gone unnoticed when patient was not receiving 24/7 care

Answer 184

- Alternative to inpatient- simple, less invasive - Minimize stigma associated with mental illness - Allows patient to continue to function & flourish in their own community - OT maintains aspects of self care, lifestyle, medications, education (Self care training, social skills, job readiness) - Individual and group therapy sessions

Answer 185

- Independent housing with provision of community based mental health services - Step between outpatient and inpatient settings - Maintains some structure & supervision while providing some freedom - halfway houses, group homes, supervised apartments - Clarifies if patient is ready for life on their own or not

Answer 186

- Collaboration between patient, OT, employer to improve workplace skills - Vocational rehab

Answer 187

1. introduction 2. activity 3. sharing 4. processing 5. generalizing 6. application 7. summary

Answer 188

observe/rate behavioral changes, ONLY SHORT TERM ACUTE CARE, adults with acute psych issues

Answer 189

- time usage, configurations of activities, roles, underlying skills, habits - adults through elders

Answer 190

- Assesses development of internalized roles within family, school, social settings - Semi-structured interview - adolescent ages 13-17

Answer 191

- Assesses time usage, roles, underlying skills/habits - Used with adolescent through elder

Answer 192

- Identifies perception of satisfaction with performance & changes over time in areas of self-care, productivity, leisure - Semi-structured interview - Used with clients ages 7+ or parents of small children

Answer 193

- Assesses occupational adaptation - Semi-structured interview - Used with adult through elder with psychiatric dx but is also being used more broadly

Answer 194

past & present occupational performance - Interview - from adolescent to elder

Answer 195

- from adolescent to elder with physical or psychosocial dysfunction

Answer 196

- Examines functional competence in 2 or 3 familiar & client-chosen BADL or IADL tasks from list of over 60 standardized tasks - Used with ages 3+ regardless of dx (Appropriate for those living with cognitive/perceptual deficits)

Answer 197

- To detect underlying neurobehavioral dysfunction - Structured observations of BADL, mobility skills - Used with adult population with cognitive/perceptual (neurobehavioral deficits)

Answer 198

- To detect cognitive & perceptual impairments - assess form & color constancy, object completion, figure-ground, body image, inattention, spatial awareness - Used with 16+ ages with visual-perceptual deficits after head injury or stroke

Answer 199

- initial evaluation of memory function, indicates appropriate treatment areas, monitors memory skills - Used with persons with memory dysfunction

Answer 200

- presence of neglect & its impact - Used with adults with unilateral neglect

Answer 201

- Measures basic cognitive functions for every day tasks - orientation, visual spatial perception, visualmotor organization, thinking operations - Used with stroke, TBI, tumor clients

Answer 202

Programs for Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) - Comprehensive, community-based intervention models for severe mental illness - intensive treatment, rehabilitation, support services in homes, jobs, social settings - Multidisciplinary mental health team (mobile mental health agency) - interdisciplinary/interprofessional team approach to treating individuals

Answer 203

- Model of supported employment for people with serious mental illness - Helps people living with behavioral health conditions work at regular jobs of their choosing

Answer 204

- high level of control - Defines group, sets goals, selects activities, structures, gives feedback, performs group roles - Members low cognitive level (cognitive impairments, poor insight, poor verbal skills, poor social skills, low motivation)

Answer 205

- members at higher cognitive level (Must be self aware, intelligent, insightful, self-understanding Capable of some reasoning/insight) - OT is educator, resource: provides needed information, structure, equipment, supplies, eductor - Delegates some leadership roles to members - Most likely to lead to group cohesiveness, client-centered approach - FOR: MOHO, developmental, psychodynamic

Answer 206

- group members functioning at a HIGHEST level (Problem-solving, health & wellness or attitude change groups, Families, caregivers, professionals, self-help groups, community organizations, clubhouse members) - Group members responsible for functioning of the group - Roles independently assumed by members - Feedback as natural part of group’s self directed process - Leader offers guidance/direction as needed- consultant: not providing structure, goals, Resource, gives advice if needed

Answer 207

Anxiety Loneliness Unable to sleep Unable to feel joy Anger Aggression Nightmares (night terrors) Feeling guilty Risky behaviors Self harm Suicidal thoughts - intrusion symptoms (1 month)

Answer 208

- 6 months of persistent & excessive unfocused anxiety & worry Tension Nervousness Panic attacks Increased heart rate Worry Trouble sleeping Sweating GI problems Overwhelming sense of dread Intense fear of death, injury, bad things happening Apprehension about change Fear of unknown - may/may not have specific focus

Answer 209

- OT judges client abilities to complete BADLs - help coach caregivers on supports

Answer 210

- OT judges client's problem solving abilities - determines if they can prepare a meal, remember to take meds, respond to emergency situations like smoke detector

Answer 211

- OT judges client's ability to process information - determines if they can hold a job, drive, take care of others

Answer 212

Automatic Postural Manual Goal-directed Exploratory Purposeful

Answer 213

- alzheimer's disease & senile dementia - CVA/TBI - developmental disability - PSYCHOTIC DISORDER: schizophrenia - MOOD DISORDERS: bipolar disorder, chronic depression - substance abuse - PTSD & other anxiety disorders - post operative cognitive dysfunction

Answer 214

1. Forming: orientation, plan for group formation 2. Storming: power struggle, members engage 3. Norming: cooperation & integration, members establish rules about how to achieve goals 4. Performing: synergy, conflict resolved 5. Reforming/Transforming: adjourning, group dissolves, reflect on history, evaluate what went well

Answer 215

1. initial: orientation & exploration, expectations (trust, roles, goals), leader: structure, models trust, ground rules, actively listens, empathy 2. transition: dealing with resistance, members anxious about sharing feelings - leader: provides safe environment, clear boundaries 3. working: cohesion & productivity, build trust, cohesive, shared responsibility, after kinks worked out, leader: continues to model, support, less structure 4. final: consolidation, termination, reflection, feelings of sadness, feedback, task completed

Answer 216

alzheimer's disease

Answer 217

- Combination of schizophrenia & mood disorder (depression, bipolar disorder)

Answer 218

rapid, increased in amount, may be difficult to understand/interpret

Answer 219

limited in amount (one word answers)

Answer 220

adequate in amount but vague

Answer 221

responses only given when spoken to directly

Answer 222

repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables

Answer 223

speech that is delayed in reaching point, contains excessive/irrelevant details

Answer 224

abrupt change of focus to loosely associated topic

Answer 225

persistent focus on previous topic or behavior after new topic/behavior has been introduced

Answer 226

rapid shifts in thought from one idea to another

Answer 227

interruption of thought process before carried to completion

Answer 228

shift from one subject to another

Answer 229

- highly sensitive, detects mild cognitive decline and early signs of dementia - longer to administer than SLUMS - Short term memory - Visuospatial abilities - Executive functions - Attention, concentration and working memory - Language - Orientation to time and place

Answer 230

- detecting mild cognitive impairment and dementia - more sensitive than the Mini Mental, shorter to administer

Answer 231

- one or more sensory, behavioral, cognitive, psychomotor symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, catatonia) - ranges from 1 day to 1 month followed by complete resolution of symptoms and return to PLOF

Answer 232

atypical antipsychotic - side effect is agranulocytosis: decrease in certain WBCs, potentially fatal

Answer 233

- low body weight - fear of gaining weight despite being underweight - in denial of body weight 1. food restrictive type 2. binge eating/purging type - begins mid teens, more girls - OCD behavior, depression, anxiety, rigidity, perfectionism, poor sexual adjustment

Answer 234

- ongoing binge eating of much larger portions than expected, unable to control consumption to avoid gaining weight - vomiting, laxatives, fasting, extreme exercise - normal weight (not underweight) - self concept defined by size, obsession with personal appearance

Answer 235

- unable to control recurrent periods of consuming exorbitant amounts of food in discrete situation - eating until uncomfortably full, not hungry - eating more at faster pace - experiencing guilt/depression after excessive eating - result in distress

Answer 236

-eating nonfoods - present for at least 1 month

Answer 237

- repeated, unintentional regurgitation of undigested/partial digested food followed by rechewing & either swallowing or spitting out food - at least 1 month

Answer 238

- persistent failure to meet nutritional needs resulting in: nutritional deficiency, significant weight loss, reliance on oral nutritional supplements or alt feeding methods (enteral feeding via pump), clinical disturbance in psychological functioning

Answer 239

- for dependent personality disorders (difficulty making decisions, depend on guidance/support from others that is out of proportion to situation) - helps patient gradually empower themselves to make their own decisions, ask for help, provide constructive criticism when appropriate good starting point is obtaining information EX: before buying a product, ask sales clerk more information about it (non confrontational- then progress to more confrontational requests)

Answer 240

excess or distortion of normal function (eg, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behavior)

Answer 241

No behaviors related to motivation (avolition, anhedonia, asociality) or expression (blunted affect, alogia)

Answer 242

decreased thought & speech

Answer 243

- education offered to those with mental illnesses/families to empower them to deal with their condition optimally - strengthens capabilities, resources, coping skills - includes homework, teacher-student format - used with schizophrenia, clinical depression, anxiety disorders, psychotic illnesses, eating disorders, personality disorders

Answer 244

lasts at least 2 weeks to 6-8 months - major or minor

Answer 245

aggression, agitation, depression, anxiety, delusions, hallucinations, apathy, disinhibition - affects dementia pts across stages/etiologies - poor patient/caregiver outcomes

Answer 246

1. determine CAUSE & TRIGGERS 2. warn caregiver not to confront or return physicality 3. discuss other self-protection strategies with caregiver (distract, back away, leave them alone if they are safe & seeking help) 4. limit access to/remove dangerous items 5. create calm, soothing environment

Answer 247

caused by a mental factor (internal conflict or stress)

Answer 248

learn to identify irrational beliefs/fears about social situations via role playing (CBT) - will teach them to make requests, teach coping strategies

Answer 249

decline in cognition (thinking) abilities - not present at birth - loss of previously acquired skills/functions

Answer 250

most similar but - compulsions only in OCD - thought patterns characteristic of these disorders - GAD thoughts are worries (not obsessions)

Answer 251

- manic symptoms & depression (don't meet criteria for manic episode)

Answer 252

anxiety & depression

Answer 253

- BRIEF, STRUCTURED intervention - participants share personal past events with peers, pride in past life experiences - improves wellbeing, reduces depressive symptoms among institutionalized elders

Answer 254

- decline from the past but function nearly independently in daily life in a manner indistinguishable from the past - losing things often, forgetting to go to events/appointments - having more trouble coming up with words than people of the same age

Answer 255

1. ensure their safety 2. DO NOT move closer to them or take on more assertive role 3. keep them in safe position, acknowledge their aggression 4. try to help them calm down 5. call for help if needed

Answer 256

(difficult to sit still) 1. allow patient to move as needed 2. GM activities over FM when possible

Answer 257

1. don't deny it to them ("that's not real") 2. orient to reality 3. avoid discussions reinforcing delusions

Answer 258

1. routine of enjoyable activities 2. ensure patient safety 3. eye-contact 4. friendly/positive expression

Answer 259

1. avoid challenging them, maintain distance, actively listen 2. avoid making them feel trapped 3. calm, non patronizing tone 4. if escalation continues, remove them from others and call for help

Answer 260

1. distraction free environment 2. high structure activities 3. redirect (DONT ISOLATE THEM)

Answer 261

1. offer choices to motivate

Answer 262

1. high structure activities 2. thank them for input, move to next patient (redirect your attention)

Answer 263

1. set limits, immediately address behavior 2. be clear about reasons why its not acceptable & consequences 3. ensure needs of entire group & protect them from harm

Answer 264

1. provide constant reassurance that activity is going well (allow them to know what is coming next)

Answer 265

1. lower your voice 2. eliminate threatening behavior (if they stand, tell them to sit down; if they yell, tell them to lower their voices) 3. repeat back (ask group members to repeat what other has said to feel heard) 4. remove tension (ask them to talk to you about source of their anger instead of each other)

Answer 266

misinterpretations of real sensory events

Answer 267

unable to understand/interpret significance of sensory input

Answer 268

unable to recognize people/objects

Answer 269

unable to identify objects by touch

Answer 270

unable to perform rapidly alternating movements

Answer 271

lack of energy

Answer 272

- 1 or more delusions for 1 month or longer - no criteria for schizophrenia

Answer 273

gardening group - consider med side effects beforehand (photosensitivity with antipsychotics)

Answer 274

due to mood stabilizing meds for manic episodes or bipolar - nerve damage or death

Answer 275

motoric disturbances

Answer 276

- 1+ major depressive episodes

Answer 277

2 symptoms present within 12 month period - substances used in larger quantities than intended, effects last for longer than anticipated (tolerance over time) - significant amount of time dedicated to it - unsuccessful efforts to reduce use - continues despite potential for harm - attempts to stop = withdrawal

Answer 278

autonomic hyperactivity, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, generalized tonic clonic seizures - may result in reoccuring substance use

Answer 279

brain & liver damage, heart disease, fetal problems during pregnancy

Answer 280

1. disinterest/inability to care for self & others 2. difficulty with & loss of personal relationships 3. unable to be productive & maintain employment 4. absence of leisure & social pursuits not involving substance abuse

Answer 281

4 or more symptoms in a year - thoughts of gambling most of the day - multiple unsuccessful attempts to stop - increased gambling with stress - serious financial trouble due to it & asks others for money - continues even after losing money to try to chase losses - lying to downplay use - problematic & recurrent (not due to mania)

Answer 282

- recurrent panic attacks followed by at least 1 concern for recurrence

Answer 283

anxiety disorder - consistent inability to speak in social situations when expected (school) but able to speak in other circumstances - at least 1 month

Answer 284

- clients (esp young children) excessively attached to another individual and have severe anxiety when separated - developmentally inappropriate, unwarranted in circumstances

Answer 285

clinically significant anxiety from certain types of social/performance situations leading to avoidance

Answer 286

clinically significant anxiety from specific object/situation leading to avoidance

Answer 287

for phobias - requires training - incremental exposure in attempt to diminish anxiety related to specific fears through use of imagery/relaxation and then contact with image or actual object - exposure can be combined with relaxation exercises to make them feel more manageable and to associate the feared objects, activities or situations with relaxation

Answer 288

- significant impairment in cognitive functioning - decline from PLOF

Answer 289

cognitive deficits not interfere with everyday activity independence

Answer 290

simple craft project

Answer 291

long term hospitalization

Answer 292

Individual Placement and Support (IPS)

Answer 293

topical group

Answer 294

1. progressive in vivo exposure

Answer 295

directly facing fear in real life to help conquer fears (fear of public speaking = have them give a speech in front of an audience

Answer 296

vividly imagining the feared object, situation or activity (PTSD patient asked to recall/describe trauma to reduce fear of it)

Answer 297

deliberately bringing on physical sensations that are harmless, yet feared (someone with panic disorder instructed to run in place in order to make heart speed up, and therefore learn that this sensation is not dangerous)

Answer 298

begin exposure with the most difficult tasks

Answer 299

helps the client construct an exposure fear hierarchy, in which feared objects, activities or situations are ranked according to difficulty. They begin with mildly or moderately difficult exposures, then progress to harder ones

Answer 300

initiation - provide verbal/tactile cues to start task

Answer 301

Forming goals by which progress can be measured

Answer 302

coming up to solutions when there is no single correct answer

Answer 303

coming up with the best answer to a question using our memory, resources around us, or logic

Answer 304

catatonic schizophrenia

Answer 305

paranoid schizophrenia

Answer 306

foster self-esteem by having the patient discover positive feelings through the group process

Answer 307

minimizes the stigma associated with mental illness, is more cost-effective than inpatient mental health treatment, it provides services and supports for a wide range of concerns

Answer 308

community residential setting

Answer 309

parallel group

Answer 310

thematic groups

Answer 311

working memory

Answer 312

- topical group - similar diagnoses/situations lend emotional support to one another

Answer 313

egocentric-cooperative

Answer 314

adult group home or board & care

Answer 315

assisted living, long term care