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NBCOT LAST Attempt > cardiac & pulmonary > Flashcards

cardiac & pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

bradyarrhythmia

A
  • Abnormally slow heart rate <60 bpm
  • Medical interventions: pacemaker
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2
Q

Tachydysrhythmia

A
  • Abnormally fast heart rate > 100 bpm
  • Common in children
  • Can lead to congestive heart failure
  • Presents as irritability, poor eating habits, pallor (pale)
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3
Q

what MET level is at phase 1 of cardiac rehab?

A

MET level 1-2

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4
Q

what MET level is at phase 2 of cardiac rehab?

A

MET levels 4-5

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5
Q

what type of therapy is phase 3 of cardiac rehab?

A

maintenance- not covered by medicare

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6
Q

what occurs in phase 1 of cardiac rehab?

A

inpatient rehab
- monitor vitals
- clinical pathway checklist for some dx
- progress ADLs according to MET levels
- monitor for activity intolerance
- HEP: guidelines, pacing, activity simplification, temperature precautions, social/sex guidelines, risk factors, symptoms of activity intolerance
- energy conservation, work simplification

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7
Q

what occurs in phase 2 of cardiac rehab?

A

outpatient rehab
- progress with activity according to METs
- weight training 2-4 weeks if symptoms controlled
- educate in risk factor modification, psychosocial issues/referral if needed
- work hardening

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8
Q

how often are OT services in phase 2 rehab?

A

3x per week for 4-8 weeks

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9
Q

what occurs in phase 3 of cardiac rehab?

A
  • maintenance, in community settings
  • physician referral
  • stress test
  • continue phase 2 activities, progres as tolerated
  • less therapy supervision
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10
Q

erythrocytosis

A

too many RBCs & WBCs (transient leukemia)

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11
Q

transient leukemia

A

too many WBCs
- in down syndrome children

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12
Q

hemophilia

A

blood disorder, hereditary
- males
- absence of one of clotting proteins
- excessive or spontaneous bleeding/bruising without known cause, nose bleeds

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13
Q

mild hemophilia

A

bleeding after trauma/injury (not otherwise)

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14
Q

moderate hemophilia

A

bleeding after minor injuries

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15
Q

severe hemophilia

A

bleeding after injury of without cause
- may affect muscles/joints

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16
Q

anemia

A

iron deficiency in the blood
- diet of iron rich food
- indicates lead poisoning, vitamin deficiency, leukemia, sickle cell disease

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17
Q

sickle cell anemia

A
  • form of anemia, abnormal shaped RBCs
  • mostly African Americans
  • risk of organ damage, have pain (do intervention for pain management)
18
Q

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A
  • due to prolonged mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory problems
  • thick airway, excess mucus, restricted alveolar growth
  • risk of respiratory infections/problems
19
Q

respiratory distress syndrome/hyaline membrane disease

A
  • premature infants (mother tx with steroids before delivery to stimulate surfactant)
  • low surfactant (at 34th week gestation)
  • compromised O2 absorption, CO2 elimination
  • chronic lung problems (collapse after each breath)
  • mild case = supplemental O2 or with positive airways pressure (O2 + air) in nose
  • severe case: intubation, O2 + air by ventilator under positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
20
Q

asthma

A

bronchial smooth muscle hyperreactivity
- causes airway constriction in lower respiratory tract, difficulty breathing, wheezing
- 1st symptom before 5 yo
- triggered by allergens, smoke, cold air, exercise, inhaling irritants

21
Q

intervention for asthma

A
  1. reduce irritant exposure
  2. self management strategies (pacing, stress management)
  3. structured peer group activities to reduce social isolation
  4. breathing exercises (controlled/counted breathing) to manage attacks
  5. stretching
22
Q

controlled breathing

A

counted breathing
- technique for increasing O2 body needs during stress, focuses attention on breathing (puts other thoughts/worries aside briefly)

23
Q

pursed lip breathing

A
  • controls oxygenation and ventilation
  • inspire through the nose and exhale through the mouth at a slow controlled flow
  1. Breathe in through your nose, almost like you’re smelling something, for about two seconds. Use your abdominal muscles to help fill your lungs with air.
  2. Pucker your lips as if you’re about to blow out a candle and then breathe out slowly through your mouth. Breathe out twice as long as when you inhaled. Make a quiet hissing sound as you exhale.
24
Q

eupnea

A

normal quiet breathing that requires contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

25
Q

deep breathing/belly breathing

A
  1. Sit or stand in a comfortable position, with your elbows positioned slightly back. This position allows your chest to expand more fully.
  2. Take a deep breath and hold it for as long as you can.
  3. Let the air out and then cough strongly.
  4. Repeat these steps up to 10 times every hour.
26
Q

costal breathing

A

shallow breathing
- requires contraction of the intercostal muscles

27
Q

hyperpnea

A

forced breathing
- requires muscle contractions during both inspiration and expiration such as contraction of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and accessory muscles
- occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders

28
Q

diaphragmatic breathing

A
  1. Lie on a flat surface. Make sure you support your head and bend your knees.
  2. Place one hand just below your ribs and the other in the middle of your chest over your breastbone.
  3. Breathe in slowly and deeply through your nose.
  4. Tighten the muscles just below your ribs and breathe out slowly through pursed lips. Tip: Use the hand you placed below your ribs to gently push in and up while you tighten your muscles.
  5. Repeat
29
Q

breathing techniques for COPD

A

diaphragmatic, deep, pursed lip breathing

30
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
  • degenerative condition, chromosome 7
  • mucus-producting glands malfunction
  • produce thick, viscous, water-lacking secretions
  • small intestine blockage (ab distension), salty-tasting skin (high sodium levels), greasy foul-smelling stools (pancreatic insufficiency, vitamin absorption issues)
31
Q

most serious complications of CF

A

chronic pulmonary disease
- chronic cough, wheezing, lower respiratory infections
- exercise intolerance
- poor nutrition due to malabsorption (developmental delays)

32
Q

intervention for CF

A
  • educate about disease progression
  • energy conservation
  • techniques for affective breathing (belly breathing)
33
Q

COPD

A
  • alveolar wall damage
  • airway inflammation
  • dyspnea, fatigue, cough, septum production, decreased nutrition, anxiety, depression
34
Q

emphysema

A
  • alveoli rupture/enlarge
  • lungs lose elasticity
  • dyspnea, fatigue, cough, septum production, decreased nutrition, anxiety, depression
35
Q

chronic bronchitis

A
  • long term inflammation of bronchioles with dyspnea
  • dyspnea, fatigue, cough, septum production, decreased nutrition, anxiety, depression
36
Q

how to handle fatigue for COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis

A
  • bathe/dress 1 extremity at a time
  • frequent rest breaks, work simplification, energy conservation
  • pursed lip & diaphragmatic breathing
  • lean FAs on thighs & practice breathing to decrease anxiety, panic, SOB
37
Q

when should O2 be administered?

A

when below 90%

38
Q

BORG RPE scale light activities

A

6-7 = very very light
8-9 = very light
10-11 = fairly light

39
Q

BORG RPE scale medium activities

A

target range: how you should feel with exercise/activity

12-13 = somewhat hard
14-15 = hard

40
Q

BORG RPE scale hard activities

A

17 = very hard
18-19 = very very hard
20 = max exertion

NBCOT LAST Attempt (50 decks)

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