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GIGU and Repro > Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation > Flashcards

Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Flashcards

1
Q

Here’s an overview of the menstrual cycle

A

Cool

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2
Q

Meiotic arrest of the primary oocyte at prophase 1 occurs due to which of the following?

A. LH surge

B. decreased levels of cAMP and MAPK

C. elevated levels of cAMP

D. elevated levels of MAPK

A

elevated levels of cAMP

these cells will stay in arrest until LH surge

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3
Q

Meiotic arrest of the oocyte at metaphase II occurs due to which of the following?

A. LH surge

B. decreased levels of cAMP and MAPK

C. elevated levels of cAMP

D. elevated levels of MAPK

A

elevated levels of MAPK

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4
Q

All of the following is true of the primordial follicle, EXCEPT?

A. Houses a primary oocyte (4N DNA)

B. surrounded by pregranulosa cells

C. able to release steroid hormones and paracrine factors

D. Most will grow up and undergo atresia

A

C. able to release steroid hormones and paracrine factors

at this point it is only able to release paracrine factors, NOT steroid hormones

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5
Q

Which of the following is novel to the primary follicle, or in other words wasn’t present in the primordial follicle?

A. Presence of primary oocyte (4N DNA)

B. early production of ZP1-4 glycoproteins

C. ability to release paracrine factors

D. presence of cuboidal shaped granulosa cells

E. All of the above

F. B and D

A

B and D

early production of ZP1-4 glycoproteins

presence of cuboidal shaped granulosa cells

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6
Q

In what stage do we see secretion of paracrine factors to induce local stromal cells to differentiate into theca cells?

A. Primordial Follicle

B. Primary follicle

C. Secondary follicle

D. Mature Graffian Follicle

A

C. Secondary follicle

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7
Q

Progression of the secondary follicle involves increased vascularization. Summarize what occurs inorder for this vascularization to occur…

A
  • follicle moves closer to ovary’s vasculature in outer cortex
  • follicle releases angiogenic factors
  • resultant development of 1-2 arterioles forms the vascular wreath
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8
Q

In what follicular stage do we see development of the zona pellucida?

A. primordial

B. primary

C. secondary

D. tertiary

A

Secondary

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9
Q

Theca cells are analagous to what cell found in testicles?

What is the major output product of thecal cells?

A

Leydig cells

androstenedione

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10
Q

What gonadotropin are theca cells most responsive to? Why?

What gonadotropins are granulosa cells most responsive to? Why?

A

Theca cells

LH; they express LH receptors

Granulosa cells

FSH; they express FSH receptors

NOTE: later in the follicular phase granulosa cells will eventually express LH receptors in order to produce progesterone

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11
Q

What is the major pathway of estrogen production in the antral follicle?

A. Theca interna stimulated by LH to synthesize androstenedione, then sends it to granulosa cell to aromatize it to estrogen

B. Granulosa cells are stimulated by LH to produce estrogen de novo

C. Theca interna stimulated by FSH to synthesize androstenedione, then sends it to granulosa cell to aromatize it to estrogen

D. Granulosa cells stimulated by FSH to synthesize androstenedione, then sends it to thecal cells to aromatize it to estrogen

A

A. Theca interna stimulated by LH to synthesize androstenedione, then sends it to granulosa cell to aromatize it to estrogen

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12
Q

A follicle with what trait is able to become the dominant follicle and move on to become a mature Graffian follicle? Bonus: explain why?

A. Small follicle with few FSH receptors

B. old veteran follicle that’s seen some things man

C. Large follicle with many FSH receptors

D. Small follicle with many FSH receptors

A

C. Large follicle with many FSH receptors

Why is this?

At this point, the mural granulosa cells produce low levels of estrogen and inhibin B which causes FSH levels to decline. So, the follicle that is most sensitive to FSH, i.e. the one with the most receptors, becomes the chosen one

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13
Q

What is the periovulatory period?

A. time from onset of LH surge to ovulation

B. time right before LH surge to LH surge

C. 2 days after ovulation

D. None of the above

A

A. time from onset of LH surge to ovulation

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14
Q

Increased vascularization of granulosa is a result of LH surge. What effect does this increased vascularization have?

A. Inhibition of aromatase

B. Decreased positive feedbacl of LH escretion due to less estrogen production

C. Increased cholesterol availability for increase progesterone production

D. All of the above

A

C. Increased cholesterol availability for increase progesterone production

NOTE: Option A and B are related to each other, and while they occur with the LH surge during luteinization and formation of granulosa lutein cells, they are not a result of increased vascularization of granulosa

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15
Q

THe LH surge induces structural changes in many ways. Name and describe 4

(tough question, honestly just be familiar and if you have time later then memorize)

A
  1. release cytokines and hydrolytic enzymes to breakdown follicle wall, tunica albuginea and surface epithelim
  2. cumulus-oocyte complex detaches and becomes free floating in antrum
  3. basal lamina of mural granulosa is degraded, and angiogenic factors are released leading to increase vlood supply to follicle/corpus luteum
  4. oocyte progresses to metaphase II
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16
Q

What causes the corpus luteum to be yellow in appearance sometimes?

A. lutein carotenoid pigment

A

A. lutein carotenoid pigment

not a mistake, i just think it’s low yield but interesting to know

17
Q

Lack of transformation of uterine lining into that of an adhesive, supportive structure would likely coincide with what?

A. Increase progesterone release

B. Insufficient amounts of progesterone

C. increase in inhibin A from lutein cells

D. suppression of FSH and LH

A

B. Insufficient amounts of progesterone

Porgesterone is the MOST important hormone for maintaining the uterine lining

18
Q

Lutein cells secrete inhibin A which suppresses FSH. During pregnancy, progesterone and estrogen reduce LH back to basal levels. Additionally, lutein cells secrete inhibin A which suppresses FSH. Why is it important that LH and FSH are low during pregnancy?

A. prevent overactivity of the uterine lining

B. reducing risk of infection during pregnancy

C. prevent more follicles from developing

D. None of the above

A

prevent more follicles from developing

19
Q

What is the necessary minimum required for estrogen production from follicular cells?

A. LH binding to LH receptors on theca cells only

B. LH and FSH binding to respective receptors on granulosa cells only

C. LH binding to LH receptors on theca and granulosa cells

D. LH binding to LH receptors on theca and granulosa cells and FSH binding to receptors on granulosa cells

A

D. LH binding to LH receptors on theca and granulosa cells and FSH binding to receptors on granulosa cells

“Both LH and FSH are required for estrogen production because neither theca cells nor granulosa cells can carry out all the required steps”

20
Q

All of the following can exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary EXCEPT?

A. Estrogen at high levels

B. Estrogen at low levels

C. Progesterone at high levels

D. Progesterone at low levels

A

D. Progesterone at low levels

only estrogen can exert negative feedback at high and low levels, progesterone on the other hand has to be high to be negative

21
Q

T/F: Once estrogen reaches a certain threshold and maintains it for a minimum of 2 days, the HP axis reverses it’s estrogen sensitivity and it now exerts a postive feedback

A

True

NOTE: the switch to positive promotes the LH surge

22
Q

T/F: Activins create a stimulatory effect on FSH release that is independent of GnRH release

A

True

23
Q

As gonadotropin levels fall, so do levels of ovarian steroids, EXCEPT what hormone in the event of pregnancy? Why?

A

Progesterone

feedback of hCG from the trophoblast promotes progesterone to be released from Corpus Luteum

24
Q

At what point in the menstrual cycle do we see a rapid decrease of LH and FSH?

A. End of luteal phase

B. Beginning of luteal phase

C. Beginning of proliferative phase

D. Beginning of follicular phase

A

beginning of the Luteal phase

25
Q

During the late luteal phase why do we see decreases in levels of progesterone, estradiol, and inhibin?

A. Degredation of the corpus luteum

B. Degredation of the corpus albicans

C. Degredation of the corpus hemmoragicans

D. None of the above

A

Degredation of the corpus luteum

26
Q

For the following question indicate what will happen to the Basal Body Temoerature (BBT)

  1. Higher levels of estrogen during follicular phase:
  2. Higher levels of progesterone released by corpus luteum a day after ovulation:
  3. Desentegration of corpus luteum:
A
  1. Higher levels of estrogen during follicular phase: decrease BBT
  2. Higher levels of progesterone released by corpus luteum a day after ovulation: increase BBT
  3. Desentegration of corpus luteum: decrease BBT
27
Q

Which of the following coincides with the increase in BBT seen during the menstrual cycle?

A. High progesterone release from corpus leutum during luteal phase

B. high estrogen levels during follicular phase

C. high estrogen levels during pre-ovulatory phase

D. Disentigration of corpus luteum when pregnancy does not occur

A

A. High progesterone release from corpus leutum during luteal phase

28
Q

In what phase would we see estrogen levels peak and induce the synthesis of progesterone receptors in the endometrial tissue?

A. Menstrual phase

B. Proliferative phase

C. Secretory phase

D. Stop making stuff up

A

Proliferative phase

29
Q

What phase in the uterine cycle corresponds with the Luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?

A

Secretory phase

30
Q

What are you most likely to see in the serum of people with Turner Syndrome (45X)?

A. Elevated LH, FSH, and testosterone

B. Elevated FSH

C. Elevated LH and Testosterone and low FSH

D. None of the above

A

Elevated FSH

31
Q

Why do we see high levels of LH and FSH in women with menopause?

A. positive feedback of increased levels of estrogen

B. loss of negative feedback due to low levels of estrogen and inhibin

C. loss of positive feedback due to decreased levels of activin

D. High levels of inhibin cuase a switch from negative feedback to positive feedback which causes increase of FSH, and LH follows FSH

A

B. loss of negative feedback due to low levels of estrogen and inhibin

GIGU and Repro (35 decks)

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