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psych paper 1 > memory - research studies on coding, capacity and duration > Flashcards

memory - research studies on coding, capacity and duration Flashcards

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1
Q

define coding

A
  • how we process information to a suitable form so it can be stored
  • e.g. STM = codes acoustically
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2
Q

define capacity

A
  • how much information can be held in memory
  • e.g. STM = 5-9 items
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3
Q

define duration

A
  • how long information can be held in memory
  • e.g. STM = 18-30 seconds
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4
Q

sensory register coding

A
  • modality specific
  • depends on sense used e.g. iconic, visual
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5
Q

sensory register capacity

A

unlimited

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6
Q

sensory register duration

A

limited (less than 0.5 seconds)

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7
Q

STM coding

A

acoustic

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8
Q

STM capacity

A

limited 5-9 items

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9
Q

STM duration

A

limited 18-30 seconds

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10
Q

LTM coding

A

semantic

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11
Q

LTM capacity

A

unlimited

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12
Q

LTM duration

A

potentially a lifetime

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13
Q

baddeley - AO1
coding in STM
AIM

A

to investigate how we code information in STM

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14
Q

baddeley - AO1
coding in STM
PROCEDURE

A
  • showed ppts words from 4 categories
    1) acoustically similar e.g. sat, cat, hat, rat
    2) acoustically dissimilar e.g. tree, house, flour
    3) semantically similar e.g. sleep, snooze, rest
    4) semantically dissimilar e.g. cake, book, plane
  • asked ppts to recall lists iIMMEDIATELY AFTER
  • in the correct order
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15
Q

baddeley - AO1
coding in STM
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

A

findings: most mistakes made in acoustically similar list

conclusion: STM codes acoustically

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16
Q

baddeley - AO1
coding in LTM
AIM

A

to investigate how we code information in LTM

17
Q

baddeley - AO1
coding in LTM
PROCEDURE

A
  • showed ppts words from 4 categories
    1) acoustically similar e.g. sat, cat, hat, rat
    2) acoustically dissimilar e.g. tree, house, flour
    3) semantically similar e.g. sleep, snooze, rest
    4) semantically dissimilar e.g. cake, book, plane
  • asked ppts to recall lists 20 MINUTES AFTER
  • in the correct order
18
Q

baddeley - AO1
coding in LTM
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

A

findings: more mistakes made on semantically similar list

conclusion: LTM codes semantically

19
Q

miller - AO1
capacity of STM
AIM

A

to investigate capacity of STM

20
Q

miller - AO1
capacity of STM
PROCEDURE

A
  • digit span technique
  • shown a string of unrelated digits
  • increased by 1 every time
  • had to recall in correct order
  • digit span measured until no longer could recall in correct sequence
21
Q

miller - AO1
capacity of STM
FINDINGS/CONCLUSION

A
  • STM capacity limited
  • 5-9 items
  • increased capacity if placed into meaningful chunks
22
Q

Peterson and Peterson - AO1
duration of STM
AIM

A

to investigate duration of STM

23
Q

Peterson and Peterson - AO1
duration of STM
SAMPLE

A

24 undergraduate students

24
Q

Peterson and Peterson - AO1
duration of STM
PROCEDURE

A
  • ppts presented with consent trigram to learn e.g. HDF
  • given 3 digit number and asked to count backwards (prevents rehearsal)
  • stopped at different intervals e.g. 3,6,9,12,15,18
  • asked to recall consonant trigram
25
Q

Peterson and Peterson - AO1
duration of STM
FINDINGS

A
  • when stopped at 3 seconds less only 80% correctly recalled trigram
  • when stopped at 18 seconds less than 10% recalled correctly
26
Q

Peterson and Peterson - AO1
duration of STM
CONCLUSION

A
  • STM duration is limited
  • 18-30 seconds
  • unless rehearsed
27
Q

bahrick - AO1
duration of LTM
AIM

A

to investigate duration of LTM

28
Q

bahrick - AO1
duration of LTM
SAMPLE

A

394 American high school graduates aged 17-74

29
Q

bahrick - AO1
duration of LTM
PROCEDURE

A
  • placed ppts in 2 conditions
  • condition 1 = recall memory of former classmates with photobook
  • condition 2 = recall names of former classmates with no photobook
30
Q

bahrick - AO1
duration of LTM
FINDINGS

A
  • condition 1 = 70% recall after 48 years
  • condition 2 = 30% recall after 48 years
31
Q

bahrick - AO1
duration of LTM
CONCLUSION

A
  • certain types of information can potentially last a lifetime
  • especially with correct cues
32
Q

weakness - AO3
lacks mundane realism

THINK FURTHER

A

P - research into (duration of STM)
- lacks mundane realism

E - artificial task
- (recalling consonant trigrams)

E - difficult to generalise findings (STM duration = 18-30 secs)
- to real life (duration of STM)
- research does not reflect most real life memory activities
- meaningful information

L - lowers external validity of (STM duration)

THINK FURTHER
- sometimes we do remember meaningless info
- e.g. groups of digits/letters (phone numbers/postcodes)
- has some relevance to everyday life

33
Q

strength - AO3
high control over extraneous variables

A

P - strength (coding LTM)
- high control over extraneous variables
- lab experiment
- controlled setting e.g.

E - lists matched on task difficulty
- shown lists for same amount of time

E - cause and effect between IV (list of words) and DV (accurate recall) can be established

L - increases IV

34
Q

strength - AO3
high reliability

A

P - strength
- high reliability (STM capacity)

E - controlled setting (lab)

E - can be repeated in same conditions (e.g. same standardised procedure, shown for same amount of time)

L - to check for consistent results (STM capacity)

35
Q

strength - AO3
BAHRICK ONLY
high mundane realism

A

P - strength
- high mundane realism
- assessing real life memories of individuals classmates

E - real life task
- may do something similar in everyday life
- e.g. finding old friend on social media

E - easy to generalise to real life
- findings on duration on LTM

L - increases external validity

36
Q

criticism - AO3
BAHRICK ONLY
low control over extraneous variables

A

P - criticism
- low control over extraneous variables

E - no controlled environment
- e.g. how much contact ppts had with classmates after leaving school

E - cause and effect cannot be established between IV (amount of time passed) and DV (accurate recall of classmates)

L - so firm conclusions cannot be drawn on duration of LTM
- reducing internal validity

psych paper 1 (40 decks)

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