🟣 Memory: Improving eyewitness testimony - Cognitive interview

Question 1

What is a cognitive interview

Answer 1

It is a interview method whereby eyewitnesses are helped to retrieve more accurate information consisting of four techniques based on psychological knowledge of human knowledge

Question 2

Who discovered the cognitive interview and in what year

Answer 2

Fisher and Geiselman (1992)

Question 3

What are the four techniques that are used in the cognitive interview

Answer 3

Report everything

Reinstate the context

Reverse the order

Change everything

Question 4

Who developed the advanced cognitive interview and in what year

Answer 4

Fisher et al (1997)

Question 5

What does the advanced cognitive interview include that the standard cognitive interview doesn’t

Answer 5

It includes social dynamics such as

Minimising distractions

Getting witnesses to speak slowly

Knowing when to make and break eye contact

Question 6

Why is reporting everything important in cognitive interviews

Answer 6

It cause trigger memories and every small detail matters

Question 7

Explain what the report everything technique is in a cognitive interview

Answer 7

When witnesses are encouraged to report everything no matter how small the detail

Question 8

Explain what the reinstate the context technique is in a cognitive interview

Answer 8

It’s when witnesses are told to revisit the event ‘in their minds’ and image the environment they were in and the emotions they felt

Question 9

Explain what the reversing the order technique is in a cognitive interview

Answer 9

When witnessing are told to recall the events in a different order in which they occurred

Question 10

Explain what the changing the perspective technique is in a cognitive interview

Answer 10

When witnessing are told to recall the events from someone else’s point of view

Question 11

Why is reinstating the context important in cognitive interviews

Answer 11

It promotes remembering as it relates to context-dependent forgetting - exposes you to think of similar external cues

Question 12

Why is reversing the prefer of events important in cognitive interviews

Answer 12

It prevents dishonesty and it prevents witnesses from recalling expectations of the event (schema)

Question 13

Why is changing the perspective important in cognitive interviews

Answer 13

It disrupts recalling the expectations of events, and disrupts the effects of schema

Question 14

What are the evaluation points of Cognitive interviews as a means of improving eyewitness testimony

Answer 14

Support for the effectiveness of the cognitive interview

Counterpoint of the support

Not all parts are equally effective or useful

Cognitive interview is more time-consuming

Question 15

What are the strengths of cognitive interviews as a means of improving eyewitness testimony

Answer 15

Support for the effectiveness of the cognitive interview

Question 16

What are the limitations of cognitive interviews as a means of improving eyewitness testimony

Answer 16

Counterpoint of the support

Not all parts are equally effective or useful

Cognitive interview is more time-consuming

Question 17

Describe the supporting research for the effectiveness of the cognitive interview

Answer 17

A meta analysis Köhnken et al. Combined 55 studies, comparing the cognitive interview and the advanced cognitive interview to standard police interviews

and found a 41% increase in accurate information

Question 18

Explain how the support for the effectiveness of the cognitive interview a strength

Answer 18

It shows cognitive interviews are effective in helping witnesses data from memory that was not immediately accessible

Question 19

Describe the counterpoint to the supporting research for the effectiveness of the cognitive interview

Answer 19

As well as an increase in accurate recall Köhnken et al. also found an increase in the amount of inaccurate data record by participants

Question 20

Explain how the counterpoint of the support for the effectiveness of the cognitive interview a limitation

Answer 20

It shows that cognitive interviews may sacrifice that accuracy of eyewitness testimony in favour for quantity

Question 21

Explain how not all parts of the cognitive interview being useful is a limitation

Answer 21

This confirms some offices suspicions that some parts are more in which the initial interview did not account for

Question 22

Who discovered that not all parts of the cognitive interview are useful and in what year

Answer 22

Milne and Bulle (2002)