Memory Flashcards
What are the six stages of the multi-store model of memory processes?
Short term sensory store Selective attention Short term memory Rehearsal/ repetition Long term memory Retrieval
Describe the short term sensory store
All information is held for between 0.25-1 second
Very large capacity
Separate store for each sense
Perceptual mechanism determines which info is important and so what we pay attention to
This filtering process is called selective attention (the recognition aspect of perception)
Irrelevant info is lost
What stage comes between the short term sensory store and the short term memory?
Selective attention
Describe short term memory
New information is compared to previously learned information to be stored in long term memory
This is the comparison aspect of perception
Limited capacity (generally 5-9 pieces of info for up to 30 seconds)
Information can be increased by linking or chunking them to remember it as one
The process by which info is selected and rehearsed to be passed into the long term memory is called encoding
What stage comes between short term memory and long term memory?
Rehearsal/ repetition
Describe the long term memory
Where info that is well rehearsed is stored
Limitless capacity info held for a long time (up to permanent)
Motor programmes stored here as a result of practice
Recognition part of the perception process where memory is retrieved and compared with new info to see if it can be recognised
What stage may occur between long term memory and short term memory?
Retrieval
Name the three components of memory
Short term sensory store, short term memory and long term memory
What is selective attention?
The focus of relevant info to transfer it to the short term memory
Importance of this indicated by theories that suggest we have unlimited memory capacity
Focusing on important info and ignoring irrelevant info helps us to react quickly
E.g. sprinter focuses on the gun and not the crowd
Describe rehearsal
Expert performers will practice the skill till it becomes well grooves which carries the imagery of the skill to and from the short and long term memory to establish a memory trace which helps both retrieval and retention
What is a memory trace?
A long term change in the brain such as an experience stored in the memory
Describe association/ linking
Associating new info with previously learned knowledge
Due to the limitation of the short term memory, the coach should give three coaching point to master initially and then three more progressively
Describe simplicity
Learners should be given plenty of time to learn new information
Similar information should not be taught close together as this may cause an interference e.g. someone learning to swim should be taught no more than one one stroke in a lesson
Describe organisation
Info is easier to remember when organised in a meaningful way
It is believed that trampolining sequences will be remembered more easily if the individual movements are practised together in order as a chain
Describe imagery
Info is remembered better with a mental image of the desired performance
Demos are vital
Words can be linked e.g. learning to belay “hand to knee and 1, 2, 3”
Describe meaningfulness
The learner must be made aware that the information they are learning is relevant to them
Describe chunking
Info can be grouped together to be dealt with at one time
Autonomous performers use chunking to assess the whole field of play to recognise patterns and anticipate what will happen
Important in short term memory due to its limited capacity
E.g. if the correct position of hand, stance and body weight are all remembered as ‘preparation’ then the performer can focus on cues in the game using their short term memory
Describe uniqueness
If the info is presented in a way that is perceived to be unusual then it is more likely to be remembered
Describe enjoyment
If the teacher can ensure the entertainment of the performer learning information then it is more likely to be remembered
Describe positive reinforcement
Praise and encouragement when learning a skill will aid retention
Describe the levels of processing theory
We are more likely to remember things that are processed more ‘deeply’ to do this we need to understand, consider and know its meaning on three levels
What are the three levels of the processing theory?
Structural - looking at the word
Phonetic - the sound of the word
Somatic - the meaning of the word
Give five characteristics that aid memory
Repetition, relevance, association, organisation, imagery and avoidance of overload
