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Biology > Meiosis > Flashcards

Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nucleotide excision repair?

A

Nucleases cut the DNA at the mismatched pair and the damaged DNA is removed

DNA polymerase fills the gaps with proper nucleotides

Ligase ligates it back together using undamaged DNA as the template

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2
Q

What are histones?

A

Proteins that pack the chromatin

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3
Q

In interphase, the chromatin is in what form?

A

Heterochromatin (super tightly packed)

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4
Q

When being transcribed during gene expression, chromatin is in what form?

A

Euchromatin (looser)

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5
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the other

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6
Q

Variation is due to ______

A

Combinations of alleles

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7
Q

Genetics is the study of _______ and ___________

A

Heredity and heredity variation

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8
Q

Genes

A

The unit of heredity

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9
Q

If it is inherited and causes a trait it is ______

A

A gene

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10
Q

What is a locus?

A

The gene’s specific location on a chromosome

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11
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells that pass on genetic information

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12
Q

What are the two ways organisms can reproduce?

A
  1. Asexual reproduction (Mitosis)
    -Cells are clones to the parents
  2. Sexual reproduction (Meiosis)
    -Cells are genetically similar but not identical to parents
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13
Q

Chromosomes 1-22 are __________

A

Autosomal chromosomes

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14
Q

X and Y are the ________

A

Sex chromosomes

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15
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A picture that arranges chromosomal pairs from longest to shortest

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16
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid (n=23)

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17
Q

Meiosis takes a ________ and produces ___________

A

Diploid (2n=46) germ cell

4 haploid gamete cells

18
Q

Fertilization merges?

A

Two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote (2n=46)

19
Q

Are sister chromatids exact copies of each other?

A

Yes

20
Q

Homologous recombination

A

The swapping of bits of homologous chromosomes

21
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, that are not not necessarily identical.

22
Q

How do we count chromosomes?

A

By the number of centromeres

23
Q

Meiosis l separates ______

A

Homologous chromosomes (2n-1n)

24
Q

Where does homologous recombination occur?

A

Meiosis l

25
Q

Meiosis ll separates __________

A

Sister chromatids (n -n)

26
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase l

27
Q

Recombination steps

  1. In crossing over (recombination) the sister chromatids are held together by ______?
  2. DNA strand breaks are made by __________
  3. Proteins come in and hold the two non-sister chromatids together starting from _________
  4. The ________ disappears but the chromosomes are still held together
A

Cohesins

Proteins on non-sister chromatids

The synaptonemal complex (zipper)

Synaptenomal complex

28
Q

What is synapsis?

A

The fusion of chromosome pairs

29
Q

On average, how many cross over events are there per homologous chromosome pair?

A

2-3 but there can be 0

30
Q

Metaphase l difference from mitosis?

A

Homologous chromosome pairs line up at the metaphase plate

31
Q

Anaphase l difference from mitosis?

A

The sister chromatids remain together

32
Q

Telophase l and cytokinesis difference from mitosis?

A

Each half of the cell has a haploid set of duplicated chromosomes

Cytokinesis is normal

33
Q

Do chromosomes duplicate again when going into meiosis ll?

A

No

34
Q

Prophase ll difference from mitosis?

A

Each cell is haploid

35
Q

Metaphase ll difference from mitosis?

A

Each cell is haploid and the two sister chromatids are not genetically identical

36
Q

Is anaphase ll and anaphase in mitosis the same?

A

Yes

37
Q

What is the name for the shortening of spindle fibres?

A

Depolymerisation

38
Q

Telophase ll and cytokinesis differences from mitosis?

A

Production of 4 genetically distinct haploid daughter cells whereas mitosis produces two identical daughter cells

39
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation from sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Crossing over
  2. Independent assortment of chromosomes
  3. Random fertilization (8.4 million different chromosomal combinations from each sperm and egg)
40
Q

Why do sexual reproduction?

A

Produces more genetic and phenotypic variation in a population

Despite it requiring more energy, it is more useful in ensuring survival

Biology (23 decks)

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