Macromolecules

Question 1

What is the base of all organic compounds?

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 2

Organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen (ends in ane)

Question 3

What is an isomer?

Answer 3

Isomers have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures

Question 4

What form can a structural isomer be?

Answer 4

straight vs branched

Question 5

What are cis-trans isomers?

Answer 5

Cis- two of the same atoms are on the same side of an axis
Trans- two of the same atoms are on opposite sides of an axis

Question 6

What is an enantiomer?

Answer 6

Mirror images

(Although they have the same format, they do not line up the same way in three dimensional space making it an isomer)

Question 7

What is a functional group?

Answer 7

Groupings of certain atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties

Question 8

What are the types of functional groups? (HCCASPM)

Answer 8

1. Hydroxyl group (-OH)
2. Carbonyl group (C=O)
3. Carboxyl group (-COOH)
4. Amino group (-NH2)
   5.Sulfhydryl group (-SH)
5. Phosphate group (-OPO32-)
6. Methyl group (-CH3)

Question 9

What are aldehydes?

Answer 9

Carbonyls on the end of a C chain

Question 10

What are keytones?

Answer 10

Carbonyls in the middle

Question 11

What are macromolecules?

Answer 11

Polymers
A long molecule consisting of building blocks called monomers

Question 12

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

Answer 12

1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fats and Phospholipids
4. Nucleic Acids

Question 13

What do dehydration reactions do?

Answer 13

They covalently bond two monomers together, losing water in the process

Question 14

What do hydrolysis reactions do?

Answer 14

Disassemble polymers into monomers by adding water to break bonds

Question 15

What group do all sugars have?

Answer 15

1 carbonyl group (C=O)

Question 16

What are the two main types of monosaccharide sugars?

Answer 16

Aldose
Ketose

Question 17

What are the forms of a monosaccharide?

Answer 17

1. Straight chain
2. Ring structure

Question 18

When the OH is below the first hydrogen?

Answer 18

Alpha position

Question 19

When the OH is above the first hydrogen?

Answer 19

Beta position

Question 20

How are Disaccharides formed?

Answer 20

By glycosidic linkages of two monosaccharides (dehydration)

Question 21

Why are mammals lactose intolerant?

Answer 21

We cannot break down beta linkages

Question 22

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 22

Long chains of monosaccharidesS

Question 23

What is the monomer of chitin?

Answer 23

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

Question 24

What do lipids consist of?

Answer 24

A phosphorus head and 2 fatty acid tails

Question 24

What is chitin?

Answer 24

A structural carbohydrate found in fungal cell walls and exoskeletons of insects and arthropods

contains beta linkages

lots of hydrogen bonds between strands

Question 24

Storage polysaccharides vs structural polysaccharides

Answer 24

Storage polysaccharides store sugar to be broken down for energy later (branched)

Structural polysaccharides are used in cell structures (straight chain)

Question 25

Are all lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 25

hydrophobic

Question 26

What are the two types of fat molecules?

Answer 26

1. Fatty acids
2. Glycerol

Question 27

What are ester linkages?

Answer 27

The bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups

Question 28

What is the technical term for fats?

Answer 28

Triglyceride

Question 29

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 29

Has as many H as possible
Solid at room temp
Packed closely together by Van der Waals interactions

Question 30

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 30

Has at least one cis double bond, resulting in a kink

Has less than the full amount of H

Usually an oil

Lower melting temps, less Van der Waals interactions