Macromolecules Flashcards
What is the base of all organic compounds?
Carbon
What are hydrocarbons?
Organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen (ends in ane)
What is an isomer?
Isomers have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures
What form can a structural isomer be?
straight vs branched
What are cis-trans isomers?
Cis- two of the same atoms are on the same side of an axis
Trans- two of the same atoms are on opposite sides of an axis
What is an enantiomer?
Mirror images
(Although they have the same format, they do not line up the same way in three dimensional space making it an isomer)
What is a functional group?
Groupings of certain atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties
What are the types of functional groups? (HCCASPM)
- Hydroxyl group (-OH)
- Carbonyl group (C=O)
- Carboxyl group (-COOH)
- Amino group (-NH2)
5.Sulfhydryl group (-SH) - Phosphate group (-OPO32-)
- Methyl group (-CH3)
What are aldehydes?
Carbonyls on the end of a C chain
What are keytones?
Carbonyls in the middle
What are macromolecules?
Polymers
A long molecule consisting of building blocks called monomers
What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Fats and Phospholipids
- Nucleic Acids
What do dehydration reactions do?
They covalently bond two monomers together, losing water in the process
What do hydrolysis reactions do?
Disassemble polymers into monomers by adding water to break bonds
What group do all sugars have?
1 carbonyl group (C=O)
What are the two main types of monosaccharide sugars?
Aldose
Ketose
What are the forms of a monosaccharide?
- Straight chain
- Ring structure
When the OH is below the first hydrogen?
Alpha position
When the OH is above the first hydrogen?
Beta position
How are Disaccharides formed?
By glycosidic linkages of two monosaccharides (dehydration)
Why are mammals lactose intolerant?
We cannot break down beta linkages
What are polysaccharides?
Long chains of monosaccharidesS
What is the monomer of chitin?
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
What do lipids consist of?
A phosphorus head and 2 fatty acid tails
What is chitin?
A structural carbohydrate found in fungal cell walls and exoskeletons of insects and arthropods
contains beta linkages
lots of hydrogen bonds between strands
Storage polysaccharides vs structural polysaccharides
Storage polysaccharides store sugar to be broken down for energy later (branched)
Structural polysaccharides are used in cell structures (straight chain)
Are all lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
What are the two types of fat molecules?
- Fatty acids
- Glycerol
What are ester linkages?
The bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups
What is the technical term for fats?
Triglyceride
What is a saturated fatty acid?
Has as many H as possible
Solid at room temp
Packed closely together by Van der Waals interactions
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
Has at least one cis double bond, resulting in a kink
Has less than the full amount of H
Usually an oil
Lower melting temps, less Van der Waals interactions
