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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All cells have? (PCDRH)

A
  1. A plasma membrane
  2. Cytosol (fluid)
  3. Genetic material/DNA
  4. Ribosomes
  5. A high surface area:volume ratio
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2
Q

As cell size increases, surface area:volume ratio…

A

decreases

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3
Q

A cell size is determined by?

A

Limits

Lower limit: must have enough space to have DNA and all the macromolecules needed to function and survive

Upper limit: Due to the exchange of materials through the plasma membrane

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4
Q

What are the two fundamental classes of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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5
Q

What are the similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

They both have ribosomes, plasma membrane

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6
Q

For prokaryotes, DNA is centralized in?

A

The nucleiod

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7
Q

What are some differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryote: DNA is in the nucleiod, most have a rigid cell wall,

Eukaryote: Endoplasmic recticulum (rough and smooth er), Cytoskeleton, lysosome, Golgi, Nuclear envelope, nucleolus

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8
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall on the outside of their plasma membrane?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

A

No

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10
Q

What is the cell wall made up of for a Prokaryote?

A

Peptidoglycan

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11
Q

What is the protective coating made up of glycoproteins and glycolipids found in prokaryotes?

A

Glycocalyx

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11
Q

Throughout the cytoplasm are (blank) that make proteins via translation (both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes)

A

Ribosomes

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12
Q

What is the size of a prokaryote?

A

1-5 um

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13
Q

Where is DNA centralized in Eukaryotes?

A

The nucleus, membrane bound by the nuclear envelope

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14
Q

Do Eukaryotes have cell walls?

A

SOME do (ex. plants and fungi)

Animals do not

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15
Q

What is the cell wall of a Eukaryote made up of? plant and fungi

A

Cellulose (plants)
Chitin (fungi)

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16
Q

What provides structure and support in a Eukaryote?

A

The cytoskeleton

17
Q

Do Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

A

Yes

18
Q

What is the size of a Eukaryote?

A

10-100um

19
Q

What is the cytosol of a Eukaryote?

A

The part of the cytoplasm that is not held by an organelle (liquid)

20
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a Eukaryote?

A

The materiam within a living cell excluding the nucleus (all the spaces between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope)

21
Q

Where did Eukaryotes come from?

A

Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes about 1.6-2 billion years ago from an archaea and bacterium

22
Q

What is the endomembrane theory?

A

What we believed happen to create the endomembrane system

  1. Eukaryotes came from a heterotrophic prokaryotic cell
  2. The plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell began invaginating into the cytoplasm (began folding in on itself)
  3. Those folds eventually separated from the plasma membrane and surrounded the DNA to form a nucleus
23
Q

Differences between animal and plant Eukaryotic cells

A

Animal:
lysosome
microvilli
centrosome
flagellum
cytoskeleton

Plant:
cell wall
plasmodesmata
chloroplast
central vacuole

24
Q

What are examples of Eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal cells, Fungi cells, Plant cells, Unicellular Eucaryotes (aka chlamy)

25
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

26
Q

What is the largest feature of the cell?

A

The nucleus (5um)

27
Q

What surrounds the nucleus, what is it made of, what regulates the going in and out?

A

Nuclear envelope
Made of a double membrane of lipids
Nuclear Pores

28
Q

The outer membrane of the nucleus is continuous with?

A

The rough ER

29
Q

What is the inner membrane lined with?

A

The nuclear lamina, helps the nucleus retain shape, protein filaments that look like a net

30
Q

What is DNA wound up into?

A

Chromatin (DNA + histones)

30
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

Partially wound DNA (accessible for DNA replication and trascription (active genes)

31
Q

What is Heterochromatin?

A

Fully wound DNA (inaccessable inactive genes)

32
Q

What is inside the nucleus?

A
  1. Storage DNA
  2. Transcription of genes for that individual cell
33
Q

What is prominent in a non-dividing nucleus?

A

The nucleolus

34
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes

35
Q

What does the nucleolus produce?

A

Ribosomal RNA

36
Q

Are ribosomes organelles?

A

No. They aren’t membrane-bound

37
Q

Do prokaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus?

A

No. They have a nucleoid

38
Q

What does a nucleoid contain?

A

Plasmids. Nonessential DNA that aids in cell function

39
Q

What do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

A

Ribosomes, DNA, Cell wall(for plants), plasma membrane, cytoplasm

40
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Switch on the transcription of other genes (turns them on and off)

Biology (23 decks)

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