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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibres that extend throughout the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Is the cytoskeleton dynamic?

A

Yes!

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cytoskeletons are composed of?

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Microfilaments
  3. Intermediate fibres
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3
Q

What do motor proteins do?

A

Move organelles and vesicles throughout the cell on microtubule highways

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4
Q

What are the roles of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Structural support- maintains cell shape
  2. Movement- allows cells to change location and rearrange cell contents
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5
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Hollow protein tubes made of tubulin

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6
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Highways for vesicle transport and cell division

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7
Q

What provides movement for the microtubules?

A

Flagella and cilia

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7
Q

How do microtubules grow?

A

By adding tubulin dimers

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7
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

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7
Q

Flagella and cilia are organized into?

A

Doublets (a 9+2 pattern)

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8
Q

Flagella and cilia are anchored in the cell by?

A

A basal body (9+0 pattern)

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9
Q

How do the large motor proteins move?

A

They walk across the microtubule using ATP for energy

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9
Q

What is needed go bend the flagella and cilia?

A

Large motor proteins

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10
Q

Large motor proteins are made up of?

A

Dyneins

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11
Q

What is the function of actin? (RMAC)

A
  1. Resist tension
  2. Muscle contractions
  3. Amoeboid movement
  4. Cystolic streaming in plant cells
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11
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Medium-thickness fibres only found in animal cells

11
Q

What are intermediate-filaments composed of?

A

Lots of proteins including keratins

12
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

The thinnest cytoskeleton proteins

13
Q

What are microfilaments made up of?

A

Actin

14
Q

What is intermediate filaments size?

A

8-12nm

14
Q

what are Intermediate filaments roles?

A
  1. Maintain cell shape and integrity
  2. Maintains organelle shape and integrity
  3. Make up the nuclear lamina
  4. Maintains organelle position within the cells
  5. Hair and skin are made up of keratin
15
Q

Components of the ECM are made (blank) and exported (blank) via the endomembrane system

A

(inside the cell) (outside the cell)

16
Q

What is the extracellular matrix role?

A

Connects cells together into tissues

16
Q

What is the extracellular matrix? (ECM)

A

The stuff outside of the cell

17
Q

What are cell walls?

A

Extracellular structures in plant and fungi cells

18
Q

The cell wall is composed of a (blank) with a (blank) in between. Some cell walls have a (blank) between the plasma membrane and primary wall

A

(A primary cell wall) (middle lamella) (secondary cell wall)

18
Q

What is the role of the cell wall?

A

Maintains cell shape, prevents the uptake of excess water

19
Q

The pores of the cell wall are called?

A

Plasmodesmata (allows substances to travel through the cell walls)

19
Q

What is the cell wall composed of?

A

Cellulose

20
Q

Animal ECM are more complex because?

A

They lack a cell wall

21
Q

Animal cell ECMs contain glycoproteins such as? (CPFI)

A

Collagen
Proteoglycans
Fibronectins
Integrins

22
Q

What is the role of collagen?

A

Resists pulling forces

23
Q

What is the role of proteoglycans?

A

Resists compressive forces

24
Q

What is the role of fibronectins?

A

Connects the ECM to integrins

25
Q

What is the role of integrins?

A

Surface receptor proteins built into the plasma membrane

26
Q

What are the types of connections cells can form with one another?

A

Adhesion
Communication

27
Q

What anchors desmosomes into the cytoplasm through the cytoskeleton?

A

Keratin

27
Q

Adhesion of cells: what are anchoring junctions and desmosomes?

A

Anchoring junctions are binding proteins and desmosomes form sheets of strongly connected cells

27
Q

Communication of cells: what are gap junctions?

A

Pipes that connects the cytosol of adjacent cells

28
Q

Adhesion of cells: what are tight junctions?

A

Creates a seal to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid

29
Q

Communication of cells: what are plasmodesmata?

A

Plant specific gap junctions

Channels that connect adjacent cell walls and cytosol
Water and small solutes can pass freely
Can adjust their diameter to allow large molecules to mass through

Biology (23 decks)

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