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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do proteins know where they are supposed to go in the cell?

A

They have built in postal codes within their amino acid sequence

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2
Q

Hydrophobic amino acids go to?

A

The endomembrane

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3
Q

Charged amino acids go to?

A

The mitochondria

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4
Q

No signalling sequence amino acids go to?

A

The cytosol

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5
Q

The path from signal in the amino acid to protein

A

The signal sequence gets recognized by another protein, which guides the ribosome to the rough ER. The protein will then be made through the RER membrane into the ER lumen

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6
Q

The endomembrane system is comprised of? (NEGLVVP)

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Lysosomes
  5. Vesicles and vacuoles
  6. Plasma membrane
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7
Q

What are the functions of the endomembrane system? (STMMD)

A
  1. Protein synthesis
  2. Protein transport
  3. Metabolism
  4. Mouvement of lipids
  5. Detoxifying the cell
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8
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The flattened membrane sacks called cisternae

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9
Q

What is the ER lumen?

A

The space between ER membranes

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10
Q

What is the rough ER studded with?

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

What does the rough ER produce?

A

Glycoproteins, phospholipids, and other proteins

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12
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Separates and transports proteins out by transport vesicles

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13
Q

The smooth ER lacks?

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

What does the smooth ER produce?

A

Lipids

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15
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A
  1. Detoxyfies the cell - adds hydroxyl groups to drugs
  2. Storage of calcium ions -triggers muscle contractions
  3. Metabolises carbs
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16
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

A series of flattened sacs called cisternae

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17
Q

What side of the golgi does the Cis side face?

A

The rough ER (the receiving end)

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18
Q

What side of the golgi does the trans side face?

A

Points out towards the rest of the cell (shipping end)

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19
Q

Vesicles bring material from the (blank) to the (blank), fusing with the Golgi membrane

A

(rough ER), (Cis face)

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20
Q

Vesicles pinch off of the (blank) and head to their final destination within or outside of the cell

A

Trans face

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21
Q

What is the lysosome made up of?

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes

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22
Q

What does the lysosome do?

A

Breaks down macromolecules into monomers

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23
Q

Why aren’t the contents of a lysosome digested if it ruptures?

A

Because the cytosol pH is too high for the enzymes

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24
Q

What are the types of intracellular digestion?

A

Phagocytosis
Autophagy

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25
Q

How do white blood cells use phagocytosis?

A

To kill bacteria and other invadors

26
Q

What is autophagy? (“self eating”)

A

Damaged organelles get surrounded by a magic double membrane

It merges with a lysosome which digests the materials

Monomers and molecules are recycled by the cell

26
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Happens in amoebas and other unicellular eukaryotes.

When a food vacuole merges with a lysosome. Digestive enzymes break down the food molecules into monomers

27
Q

Lacking lysosomal enzymes can result in rare genetic disorders such as?

A

Tay-Sachs disease: the brain becomes impaired due to too much lipids in the cells

28
Q

What is the vacuole made from?

A

The rough ER and Golgi apparatus

29
Q

What types of vacuoles are there? (FCPC)

A

Food and digestive
Contractile vacuole- pumps out excess water from freshwater
Plant vacuole- storage for small molecules, some hydrolosis of molecules
Large central vacuole- contains inorganic ions and swells up due to osmosis

30
Q

How does turgor pressure affect plants?

A

It allows plants to stand upright against gravity, which is essential for plant growth

31
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

The site of cellular respiration - energy is converted to ATP, energy is stored in high energy P-P bonds

32
Q

Does the mitochondria have its own DNA?

A

Yes

33
Q

Can the mitochondria self replicate?

A

Yes

34
Q

Chloroplasts are a type of?

A

Plastid

35
Q

Chloroplasts are only found in?

A

Plants and Algae

36
Q

Chloroplasts absorbs (blank) from (blank) and converts (blank) into (blank)

A

(energy, photons, energy, ATP)

37
Q

What are Heterotrophs?

A

An organism that obtains its energy through consuming material

38
Q

What are Autotrophs?

A

Organisms that obtain their energy by themselves

39
Q

What are Anaerobes?

A

Organisms that can’t survive in O2 and can’t usr O2 to extract energy from molecules

40
Q

What are Aerobes?

A

Organisms that can survive in O2 and that can use O2 to extract energy from molecules

41
Q

What does the endosymbiont theory describe?

A

How mitochondria arose

42
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

A eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotic cell that could use oxygen. The prokaryote was retained and became the mitochondria

43
Q

What evidence supports the endosymbiont theory?

A

Mitochondria are double membraned
Contain their own set of DNA and ribosomes
Able to grow and reproduce in the cell

44
Q

What’s the advantage for having both chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy, and mitochondria consume the chemical energy to produce ATP

Essential for plant growth!!!

45
Q

What is the mitochondria made of?

A

Two membranes
an intermembrane space in between

46
Q

When the inner membrane folds, it makes?

A

Cristae

47
Q

What does cristae do?

A

Increase the surface area of the mitochondrial membrane.

48
Q

What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain?

A

DNA and ribosomes

49
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration

50
Q

What is the mitochondria size range?

A

1-10um

51
Q

What does the chloroplast consist of?

A

Two membranes with intermembrane space in between

52
Q

Where is DNA and ribosomes contained in the chloroplast?

A

The stroma

52
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis (creation of energy)

53
Q

When the inner membrane of the chloroplast folds, it makes?

A

Thylakoids which are stacked to form grana

54
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

A specialized metabolic organelle that produces hydrogen peroxide

54
Q

Chloroplast size?

A

3-6um

55
Q

What does chloroplast contain other than DNA and ribosomes?

A

Chlorophyll (makes plants green)

56
Q

What do peroxisomes contain?

A

Enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide

57
Q

The peroxides can be used to do what?

A

Use oxygen to break down fatty acids, or transport to the mitochondrion
Used in fuel during cellular respiration
Detoxifies alcohols in the liver

57
Q

Plants have a specialized peroxisome called?

A

Glyoxysome (converts fatty acids to sugars during seed germinaton)

Biology (23 decks)

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