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Biology > Cell Signalling > Flashcards

Cell Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientists have hypothesized that signalling mechanisms first arose in?

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

Paracrine signalling acts on?

A

Nearby cells (growth factors)

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3
Q

Synaptic signalling acts on?

A

Neurons

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4
Q

Hormones are an example of what type of cell signalling?

A

Endocrine signalling (Long distance)

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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of signal transduction?

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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6
Q

What is reception?

A

A signalling molecule binds to a protein receptor and makes it do stuff (change shape/chemical modifications)

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7
Q

What is transduction?

A

A series of relay molecules carry the signal into the cell via signal transduction pathways

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8
Q

What is a response?

A

The signal transduction triggers a response (gene expression, catalysis of enzymes, etc.)

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9
Q

Is ligand/receptor binding specific or vague?

A

Specific (A specific signal molecule will only bind and activate one specific receptor protein)

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10
Q

What types of proteins can receptors be found in, in the plasma membrane?

A

Integral proteins

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11
Q

How do G protein-coupled receptors work?

A

When a signalling molecule binds to the binding site, the domain shifts, changing the loops inside the cell, revealing a site inside the cell that can bind proteins

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12
Q

What are GPCRs composed of?

A
  1. A specific receptor that binds a specific ligand
  2. A G protein
  3. An enzyme that transfers the signal to the signal transduction pathway
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13
Q

What is the “on” state for a G protein?

A

GTP

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14
Q

What is the “off” state for a G protein?

A

GDP

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15
Q

What initiates the signal transduction inside the cell?

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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16
Q

When activated, what are the steps that the G protein takes?

A
  1. Detach from the receptor and activates the enzyme
  2. Makes cyclic AMP to initiate the signal transduction inside the cell
  3. G protein hydrolyses the GTP to GDP + inorganic phosphate, inactivating the G protein
17
Q

Is ligand binding reversible?

A

Yes

18
Q

What are receptor tyrosine kinases? (RTKs)

A

Catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine

19
Q

Where is the ligand binding site?

A

The outside of the cell

20
Q

Describe the off state of RTKs

A

Single proteins that are embedded in the membrane by a single alpha helix

21
Q

What happens when a ligand binds to the receptors? (RTKs)

A

The two monomers come together to form dimers in a process called dimerization

22
Q

What does dimerization cause?

A

Activates the receptor

23
Q

What does the area of cytoplasmic domains with the phosphorylated tyrosines act as?

A

Docking sites for proteins to bind and become activated

24
Q

What does each activated relay protein trigger?

A

A transduction pathway, leading to cellular response

25
Q

What are the function of RTKs in humans?

A
  1. Triggering cell division
  2. Differentiation of cells into different cell types
  3. Survival of the cell: deciding if it will go into apoptosis or not
26
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

27
Q

What are ligand-gated ion channels?

A

A channel that allows or blocks the flow of specific ions through a channel in the receptor

28
Q

How do ligand-gated ion channels work?

A

The ligand binds to the receptor, changing its shape, allowing ions to flow through via the concentration gradient. When the ligand dissociates from the receptor, the channel reverts to its original shape, blocking the ions

29
Q

What is intracellular receptor signalling?

A

Ligands that cross the plasma membrane to bind to receptors in the cytosol

30
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Proteins that bind DNA at specific nucleotide sequences and turn on the transcription of specific genes

31
Q

How does apoptosis work?

A

Genes ced-3 and ced-4 encode for the cell death proteins

When a cell death signal is received, it deactivates ced-9 which no longer inhibits ced-4. Ced-4 activates ced-3 which activates other enzymes that break down the cell

32
Q

What is the name of proteases that break up proteins?

A

Caspases

33
Q

In humans, apoptosis is controlled by how many caspases?

A

Around 15

34
Q

What are the types of receptors?

A

G protein-couple receptors
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Ion channel receptors

35
Q

Taste and smell signalling is done through?

A

GPCR’s

Biology (23 decks)

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