Cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do cells divide?

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Growth of an organism
  3. Repair or replace lost cells
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2
Q

What does a genome contain?

A

Chromosomes
Chromatin (DNA moleucle + proteins)
Euchromatin (actively expressed part of the chromosome)

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2
Q

A cell’s genetic information is called its ____?

A

Genome

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3
Q

How many somatic cells do humans have?

A

46

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

Separates the sister chromatids into 2 chromosomes and distributes one to each daughter cell

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4
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separates the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Mitotic spindle is in?

A

The cytoplasm

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5
Q

What is the longest part of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase (90%)

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6
Q

The cell cycle consists of which 2 phases?

A

M phase:
- Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
Interphase:
-G1
-S
-G2

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7
Q

What do we start with and end with?

A

Start: One cell with one nucleus and two copies of each chromosome

End: Two nuclei, each with one copy of each chromosome

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8
Q

Chromosomes are in?

A

The nucleus

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9
Q

Centrosomes are in?

A

The cytoplasm

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10
Q

What is in the way?

A

The nuclear envelope

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11
Q

Before mitosis:
Centrosomes are ________
Chromosomes are ______ but not_____
Nuclear envelope separates ______ from ________

A

In the cytoplasm

Already duplicated/condensed

The cytosol/the nucleus

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11
Q

5 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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12
Q

Prometaphase:

The centrosomes are now _________
The nuclear envelope _________
The mitotic spindle microtubules attach to the condensed sister chromatids at the _______

A

At opposite ends of the cells

Fragments

Kinetochore

13
Q

Telophase and cytokinesis:

The chromosomes start to _______
Nuclear envelope _______
Nucleolus________
Formation of ________ to split the cells in 2

A

Become less condensed

Reforms around each new nucleus

Re-condenses

Cleavage furrow/cell plate

13
Q

Prophase:

Centrosomes migrate to ______
Mitotic spindle ______
Chromosomes _______
Nucleoli________

A

Opposite sides of the cell
Starts to assemble
Condense
Disappears

14
Q

Metaphase:

Sister chromatids align at _______
Each sister chromatid is attached to a _____ and the other end of the microtubule is attached to a _______

A

The metaphase plate

Microtubule

Centrosome

15
Q

Anaphase:

The microtubules shorten moving the daughter chromosomes to ________

A

The poles of the cell

16
Q

Binary fission in prokaryotes is a ______, is carried out on a single _______, and begins replicating DNA from _________.

A

Form of asexual reproduction

Chromosome

The origin of replication (in the circular DNA)

17
Q

Cell plate forms in ____ using _____?

A

Plant cells

Cellulose

17
Q

A cleavage furrow forms in _____ using ____?

A

Animal cells

Actin microfilaments and myosin

18
Q

What are the three main checkpoints?

A

G1, G2, M

18
Q

Fusing a ______ with a cell in _____ or ______ suggests that molecules in the cytoplasm during those phases control the progression into those phases

A

G1 cell

S or M

18
Q

The G1 checkpoint occurs before ______

A

S phase

18
Q

The cell cycle is regulated by _____?

A

Checkpoints

19
Q

Does having less nuclei express lots of genes fast?

A

No. Having more does.

20
Q

The control system is regulated by _______ and _________.

A

Cyclins

Cyclin-dependent kinases

21
Q

After the ________ checkpoint, the cell proceeds into mitosis through a specific cyclin and cdk forming the _______.

A

G2

Maturation promotion factor

22
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint “ask”?

A

If the cell is large enough
Has enough nutrience
Undamaged DNA

23
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint “ask”?

A

If DNA was successfully replicated
If DNA is undamaged

24
Q

M phase occurs during _______

A

Metaphase

25
Q

What does M phase “ask”?

A

Are the chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate?
Are kinetechores attached the spindle fibres?
Ensures the daughter cells are not missing chromosomes or have extra chromosomes

26
Q

What is cancer?

A

A collection of diseases caused by a group of cells that divide uncontrolled

27
Q

Cancer cells make their own ______ to promote dividing

A

Growth factors