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Chemistry review Flashcards

Chemistry Review

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are organisms composed of?

A

Matter

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2
Q

What is matter composed of?

A

Elements, Compounds, and Trace elements

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3
Q

How many elements are there?

A

92 natural elements, 20 man made elements (112 total)

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4
Q

What contains 2 or more elements in fixed ratios?

A

Compounds

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5
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

The atom

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6
Q

What are the components of an atom?

A

Neutrons (neutral charge, mass = 1 Dalton)
Protons (positive charge, mass = 1 Da)
Electrons (negative charge, mass = 0.0005Da)

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7
Q

What is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus?

A

The atomic mass

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8
Q

What indicates the number of protons in the atom?

A

Atomic number

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9
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same number of protons, different number of neutrons

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10
Q

What releases subatomic particles and energy as the nucleus decays?

A

Radioactive Isotopes

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11
Q

What does a half life measure?

A

The rate at which the parent isotope decays to the daughter isotope

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12
Q

What are the 3 naturally occurring isotopes?

A

Carbon 12- stable (most common)
Carbon 13 - 7 neutrons (stable)
Carbon 14 - 8 neutrons (unstable)

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13
Q

What is chemical behaviour of an atom is determined by?

A

Electron distribution

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14
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

Electron shells (orbitals)

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15
Q

What are the properties of an electron shell?

A

Differ in energy amounts
Matter wants to be at its lowest stage of potential energy (lowest orbital)
It takes energy to jump orbitals

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16
Q

1st shell can hold (blank) electrons

A

2

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17
Q

2nd shell can hold (blank) electrons

A

8

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18
Q

Why do atoms give/take electrons?

A

To fill their orbital shell, or to lose a shell to then have a full shell

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19
Q

What are the types of bonds?

A

Ionic bonds and Covalent bonds

20
Q

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds are called?

A

Molecules

21
Q

The number of unpaired electrons required to complete the valence shell is called?

A

Valence

22
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of an atom’s electrons in a covalent bond

23
Q

Non-polar covalent bond

A

The electrons are shared equally due to the same electronegativity

24
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

The electrons are shared unequally due to one atom being more electronegative than the other

25
Q

Which element is one of the most electronegative?

A

Oxygen

26
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

A weak chemical interaction where hydrogen is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom due to partial charges

27
Q

What are Van der Waals interactions?

A

Weak interactions between molecules that have varying partial charges. Atoms must be very close together

ex. geckos climbing walls

28
Q

How does a molecule get its shape?

A

By the position of the atoms’ orbitals

29
Q

What are the types of orbitals?

A

s orbitals
Three p orbitals
Four hybrid orbitals

30
Q

How do chemical reactions change the composition of matter?

A

By making or breaking chemical bonds

31
Q

What is chemical equilibrium?

A

When the forward and reverse reaction rates are the same

32
Q

What is the shape of water?

A

a V

33
Q

Water is life due to these 4 properties

A
  1. Water molecules can stay together
  2. Water moderates temperature
    3.Solid water is less dense than liquid water
  3. Water is the solvent of life
33
Q

How are water molecules held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

34
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The linking together of water molecules via hydrogen bonding

35
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The clinging together of one substance to another

36
Q

What is suface tension?

A

A measure of how hard it is to break/stretch the surface of a liquid

cohesion results in surface tension

37
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost to change the temperature of 1g of substance 1 degree celsius

38
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogenous mixtures of two or more substances

39
Q

Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic = water loving (dissolves in water)
Hydrophobic = water repelling (non-polar, non-ionic substances)

40
Q

What is concentration?

A

The number of moles of solute per litre of solution

41
Q

What increases the hydrogen concentration of a solution?

A

An acid

42
Q

What decreases the hydrogen concentration of a solution?

A

A base

43
Q

What does the PH scale tell us?

A

Measures the concentration of hydrogen atoms

44
Q

What does a buffer do?

A

Minimises changes in H+ and OH- concentrations

Biology (23 decks)

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