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Biology > Catabolic Pathways > Flashcards

Catabolic Pathways Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Release energy by breaking down big molecules into smaller compounds

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2
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen is consumed with organic fuel. Electrons from glucose are transferred to O2 to make H2O

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Organic fuel is broken down without oxygen

Final e- acceptor is not oxygen

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4
Q

Fermentation

A

Partial breakdown of organic fuels without oxygen

Does not have an ETC or oxygen as the final e- acceptor

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5
Q

Is cellular respiraton aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Both, but mostly aerobic

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6
Q

Redox reactions (LEO goes GER)

A

The transfer of electrons from one molecule to another

Loss of electrons = oxidization
Gain of electrons = reduction

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7
Q

What does NAD+ do?

A

An electron transporter during the breakdown of glucose. It is a coenzyme and an oxidizing agent

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8
Q

What does NAD+ cycle between?

A

NAD+ (oxidized) and NADH (reduced)

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9
Q

What would happen if the transfer of electrons was uncontrolled?

A

There would be one big release of energy with LOTS of heat loss

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10
Q

What are the two ways ATP is made?

A
  1. Substrate level phosphorylation: uses an enzyme to transfer a phosphate group from ADP to make ATP
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation: H+ gradient to drive the protein ATP synthase
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11
Q

How much ATP is made from substrate level phosphorylation?

A

10%

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12
Q

How much ATP is made from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

90%

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13
Q

Where does glycolysis and the citric acid cycle occur?

A

The cytosol

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14
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The splitting of glucose into two three-carbon sugars

The sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form 2 pyruvates

The pyruvates are used for the next step in cellular respiration

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15
Q

What is the overall net gain of Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH

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16
Q

Is there a carbon loss in glycolysis?

A

No

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17
Q

Will glycolysis occur with or without oxygen?

A

Yes

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18
Q

After glycolysis, pyruvate is _____ transported into the mitochondria

A

Actively

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19
Q

Pyruvate is converted into ____ .

A

Acetyle CoA

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20
Q

How many ATP is generated per cycle of the citric acid cycle?

A

1

2 total because there are 2 pyruvates going through the cycle

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21
Q

What is the total yield per glucose?

A

6 NADHs, 2FADH2, 2ATP

22
Q

Together, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle yield?

A

4 ATP per glucose

23
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A collection of proteins within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

24
Q

How does the electron transport chain work?

A

Each component becomes reduced when it accepts electrons from its “uphill” neighbour

The transporters then return to the oxidized state and starts the cycle again to pick up more electrons

25
Q

Electrons from _____________ are transferred from NADH to the ETC complex l.

A

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

26
Q

Which complexes have cytochromes?

A

Complexes lll and lV

27
Q

The cytochromes pass the electron to _____ which picks up 2 electrons and 2 protons to form _______.

A

Oxygen

Water

28
Q

Electrons acquired from the citric acid cycle from FADH2 join the ETC at complex ______?

A

ll

29
Q

FADH2 converts about _______ less energy than NADH

A

1/3

30
Q

Where is ATP synthase found?

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondrion

31
Q

ATP synthase makes ATP from _____ and ______

A

ADP and inorganic phosphate

32
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane via ATP synthase via an energy- coupling mechanism

33
Q

What helps change the shape of the protein so that it spins? (ATP synthase)

A

Rotor

34
Q

The turning of the _______ activates catalytic sites that produce ATP and ADP in the knob

A

Rod

35
Q

The ________ of the electrons in the ETC provides the energy to pump H+ ions from the _______ into the ________.

A

Exergonic flow

Mitochondrial matrix

Intermembrane space

36
Q

For each glucose what is the tally of everything produced?

A

Glycolysis:
2 ATP via SLP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate

Pyruvate oxidation
2 NADH

Citric acid cycle
2 ATP via SLP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

ETC
112 protons
10 NADH
2 FADH2
28 ATP via OP

37
Q

How many protons does it take to make 1 ATP?

A

4

38
Q

What is the total number of ATP produced during cellular respiration?

A

32

39
Q

Is fermentation considered cellular respiration?

A

No

40
Q

What ensures that ATP is produced if oxygen is not present?

A

Fermentation
By recylcing NAD+ from NADH during glycolysis

41
Q

What is alcohol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol

42
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactic acid

43
Q

During exercise, muscle cells are starved of oxygen, how does cellular respiration continue?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

44
Q

Do all three cellular respiration methods generate ATP and use glycolysis to oxidize glucose to make pyruvate?

A

Yes

45
Q

Do all three methods use NADH as the oxidizing agent?

A

No. NAD+ is the oxidizing agent

46
Q

Fermentation uses ______ as the final electron acceptor to oxidize NADH

A

An organic molecule

Pyruvate in lactic acid
Acetaldehyde in alchohol fermentation

47
Q

Cellular respiration uses ETC to regenerate ________

A

NAD+

48
Q

Fermentation yields ____ ATP via substrate level phosphorylation

A

2

49
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration

50
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Use both fermentation and cellular respiration to make enough ATP

51
Q

How does glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to other metabolic pathways?

Proteins provide the _____, ________, and ________

Carbohydrates are the _________

Fats get broken down into ________ to make ________ and the ________ for Acetyl-CoA

A

Coenzymes, enzymes, and amino functional groups

Sugar sources

Glycerol monomers, G3P, fatty acids

Biology (23 decks)

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