Medicine And Treatment - 1900 To Present Day Flashcards
What was the magic bullet 2?
Developed by Gerhard Domagh in 1932
Attacked microbes which caused blood poisoning
Tested the compound on his daughter who was dying from blood poisoning from a pin prick on her finger
The prontosll was isolated by sulphonamide, other sulphonamide drugs to cure pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis
What is penicillin?
It is an antibiotic used to treat infections caused by bacteria
What was the magic bullet 1?
Paul Ehrlich and research team discovered it in 1909
It was funded by government
It combined dye with various chemicals to target only disease killing microbes
The 606th compound tested worked
First time chemical drugs had been used to kill illness
What was the impact of the discovery of DNA on medicine?
The human genome project 1986
- mapped the entire structure of human DNA, this took 15 years the purpose of every gene is now known which makes it easier to identify the genes that cause hereditary diseases
Genetic screening
- possible to test people who might carry a genetic disorder but are not affected by it, test unborn babies
Gene therapy
- normal genes from a donor can be place in someone who has a healthy disease or stem cell research
How was the NHS developed?
1911 - national insurance act, employers and employees and the government paid into a sick fund this could be accessed by people who needed to pay for medical care, not for the unemployed Second world war changed attitudes, many people were offered free health care for the was effort this increased the peoples sense of entitlement. middle class families were shocked by the state of the poor and began to think that medical care should be available to everyone The 1942 Beveridge report, wrote a report on what could be done to improve peoples lives, recommended the creation of a National health service this was paid by national insurance contributions and free to everyone. doctors and nurses would be employed by government of charging a fee. Everyone in work would pay national insurance out of their wages, this helped fund benefits such as sick pay, pensions and unemployment benefits The work of aneurin Bevan, doctors were unhappy about loosing private fee paying patients and the local authorities were unhappy about losing control of their hospitals. Some thought that the poor should help themselves instead of relying on the government, so the Bevan the minster of health compromised with doctors by allowing them to continue treating patients privately
How did the provision of medical treatment change for patients?
To begin with everything was covered then costs soared so some prescriptions and costs for glasses were introduced
Wider range of treatment know available
Costs keep rising and it is now a major problem
What impact did blood transfusion have?
Blood groups were discovered in 1901 and transfusions were developed to treat people with blood disorders or people who has lost a lot of blood
Storing blood was developed in the first world war
What impact did the discoveries of X-rays have?
Discovered by Röntgen in 1895
Showed human DNA
Diagnosed broken bones and diseases
Got funding in first world war as shrapnel was embed deep
What impact did radiotherapy have?
Marie curie developed radiation therapy
Discovered radium while using x rays this helped diagnose and treat cancer
Chemotherapy
What impact did medical scanning have?
CAT scanners enabled them to have a complete 360 degree picture this helped them diagnose
MRI scans examined soft tissue
What are the problems caused by medical advances?
Cost - difficult to meet cost of new equipment especially if its advanced and rare
Inequality - high costs lead to waiting lists and inequality of care
Side- affects - new drugs have unexpected side-affects
Ethical objections
How was DNA discovered?
- They used x rays (Rosalind Franklin) to take a picture of the structure of DNA, they suggested that genes were arranged in a double helix structure in 1953
Pharmaceutical industry
- It was possible to mass produce pills and now the pharmaceutical industry rapidly grew, advertised products, employed and financed, scientists and researchers to find other cures and remedies, expensive and side effects
how was penicillin discovered?
- Alexander Fleming in 1928 noticed that bacteria growing in a petri dish was being attacked and killed by a mould, he researched it and discovered it was an antibiotic, he published his ideas in 1929 but was unable to get funding
- Howard Florey and Chain read about Fleming and set up a research team in 1939, in 1940 they tested it on mice and in 1941 they tested it on a patient, it worked but they didn’t have enough so the patient died, took it to America as no British firm was able to mass produce it, they used it for soldiers
what were the liberal reforms in the early 20th century
- 1911 – national insurance act
- 1908 – old age pension act
- 1907 – school medical service and health visitors to check on health of young children
- 1906 – free school meals
- 1902- midwives act
