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GCSE > HHP - 3 > Flashcards

HHP - 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

The tube in the penis which carries semen

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2
Q

What does the testis do?

A

Produce sperm and hormones

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3
Q

What does the scrotal sac do?

A

It holds testes outside the body to keep sperm 2 degrees below body temperature

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4
Q

What is the sperm duct do?

A

Carries sperm from testes to urethra

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5
Q

What does the prostate gland do?

A

Produce seminal fluid

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6
Q

What does the ovaries do?

A

Produce egg and hormones

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7
Q

What does the oviduct (fallopian tube) do?

A

It has cilia in the lining of the tube that wafts the egg from the ovary to the uterus

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8
Q

What does the uterus do?

A

The muscular walls enable the foetus to be protected and the lining enables the exchange of materials

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9
Q

What does the penis do?

A

Transfer semen (sperm plus seminal fluid) from male to female

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10
Q

What does the cervix do?

A

It is the neck of the uterus and it dilates during labour

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11
Q

What is the role of the vagina (birth canal)?

A

It receives the sperm and the baby leaves the body

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12
Q

What are sex cells produced by?

A

Meiosis

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13
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Where cells with 2 sets of chromosomes divide to produces cells with one set

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14
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Is when the nucleus of one sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg to form a zygote

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15
Q

Describe mitosis?

A

The fertilised egg divides into two cells with identical set of chromosomes, they divide to form a embryo

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16
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

In the upper part of the oviduct so the sperm have to swim there

17
Q

How are fraternal twins made?

A

This happens when two eggs are released from the ovary and are both fertilised by separate sperm

18
Q

How are identical twins formed?

A

When the embryo splits into two groups of different cells and develop into separate foetuses

19
Q

What are the changes in the uterus when a women is pregnant?

A
  • the amnion is made - the is a sac containing amniotic fluid, the fluid is a shock absorber for when the mother moves around
  • placenta - penetrates the uterus lining and acts as a exchange surface this enables materials diffuse from mothers blood to foetus and waste materials from foetus to mother. It also acts as a barrier to prevent large molecules and blood cells passing into the foetus but viruses can
  • umbilical cord - contains vessels to transport foetal blood between foetus and placenta
20
Q

Why should a pregnant women not take alcohol?

A

It can cross placenta and cause harm to the development of the foetus, it can cause learning difficulties by damaging and developing the brain

21
Q

Why shouldn’t pregnant women smoke?

A

Produce carbon monoxide which reduces the oxygen available for aerobic respiration so less energy for growth resulting in low birth rate

22
Q

What happens in labour?

A
  1. Muscular walls of uterus contract in order to dilate and open cervix
  2. The uterus walls squeeze and force baby through birth canal
  3. Following the birth the uterus contracts to push out the placenta
23
Q

Why do we give babies milk?

A

The contain a lot of antibodies this will help protect the body from infection and provide protein fat and sugar

24
Q

Describe how fertilisation works

A
  1. Penis becomes erect due to blood entering the the large blood spaces in the tissue this allows the male to put the penis in the vagina
  2. The semen travels through the urethra and is deposited close to the cervix
  3. The area in and around the cervix is covered by mucus which is thick, when the egg is released from the ovary in the middle of the menstrual cycle, the mucus becomes watery this makes it easier for sperm to swim towards the oviduct
  4. Egg is moved along by the cilia and only one sperm will penetrate egg to form zygote
25
Q

Describe the rate of growth

A

Newborns grow very fast in the first few months, usually 2.5-4cm each month, the rapid growth rate continues until they are 2
Then the growth rate steadies until puberty
They have another growth rate during puberty

26
Q

When does puberty happen?

A

Around 12 in girls, usually older in boys

27
Q

What is puberty controlled by?

A

Hormones, sex hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone

28
Q

What happens in puberty?

A 
Body changes shape
Voice 
Body hair 
Sperm production 
Menstruation
29
Q

How does puberty start?

A

Puberty starts when the pituitary gland is stimulated by chemicals form the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland then releases LH and FSH
These hormones reach the ovaries or testes which then start the secrete oestrogen or testosterone
This develops adult sexual characteristics

30
Q

What hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH - stimulates follicles in the ovary to grow and produce oestrogen
LH - stimulates the release of the egg from the follicle at ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum which is a yellow body formed by cells in follicle after ovulation
Oestrogen - causes lining to build up prior to ovulation
Progesterone - produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation, maintains the uterus lining for a fertilised egg

31
Q

Compare IVF and IVM

A 
IVF
\+ mature eggs - higher chance 
- hormones given to stimulate ovaries and release egg
IVM 
- immature eggs
\+ no high levels of hormones
\+ cheap, less time, safer for women
32
Q

Describe the process of menstruation

A

4-14
Rising oestrogen levels enter blood stream and stimulate release of LH, LH stimulates ovulation and causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone
High levels of oestrogen inhibit FSH
- egg is fertilised it continues to travel down the oviduct and embeds into the uterus lining
- the oestrogen and progesterone continue to maintain the lining until 12 weeks into the pregnancy when the placenta produces enough progesterone to do this

GCSE (55 decks)

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