Medicine And Treatment- 1350-1750

Question 1

What were the kinda of treatment in 1350s

Answer 1

Diagnosed patients by looking at the urine and using astrology
The most common treatment was bleeding as this was for the theory of opposites and four humours which was taught at medical school
Herbal remedies
Wise women- village healers for everyday use, they would usually use a herbal remedy to treat

Question 2

What was the bubonic plague?

Answer 2

It was carried by fleas on rats, if the flea bit a human it would try to enter the humans bloodstream, the body would try to fight the illness but lymph glands would swell

Question 3

How did the bubonic plague effect people?

Answer 3

At first they would get a fever and swellings called buboes would form. Then there temperature would sore and they would get a high fever which would result in unconsciousness and then death

Question 4

What was the pneumonic plague?

Answer 4

It caused a lung infection and made the victim cough and struggle to breathe

Question 5

What were the explanations and treatments for the plague?

Answer 5

Bad air
- burn barrels of tar to drive away the bad air
Gods punishment
- flagellation, they would beat themselves to show how sorry they were. Prayer and church attendance was a must
Jews poisoning the wells
- jews in some countries were massacred
Imbalance of four humours
- bleeding or purging were common
- they ate cool things to stop the fever
Unlucky alignment of the planets
- no solution
Witches
- people who were believed to be witches were massacred
- held bread against buboes then buried it
- cutting open buboes and draining the puss

Question 6

How did people try avoiding the plague?

Answer 6

Praying 
Carrying herbs and spices
Carrying witchy charms 
Smelling bad smells 
Picking up rubbish and tidying the streets
Lighting a fire in a room
Kept air moving by ringing bells or flying birds around the room
Not letting outsiders in

Question 7

What was apothecary?

Answer 7

Mixing medicines which had been prescribed

Question 8

What were quacks?

Answer 8

A healer with no medical training

Question 9

What were hospitals like in 1350?

Answer 9

They were run by monks and nuns which believed that god sent the disease so only god could heal you therefore they prayed for the souls of the person
No medical professionals were there so they did not admit infectious or incurable patients
Some were ran as care homes for the elderly

Question 10

What were hospitals like between 1350 and 1750?

Answer 10

Monasteries were dissolved by fat henry, this had a big impact on hospitals so instead local charities and town councils paid for hospitals to be opened
They were now ran by trained physicians and nurses

Question 11

What were hospitals like in 1750?

Answer 11

They were ran by trained physicians and nurses
Some admitted infectious patients
Herbal remedies and minor surgeries were common but prayer was still a major role

Question 12

What was the influence of Galen in the middle ages?

Answer 12

Galen still had a strong hold as after the Roman Empire collapsed there was a lot of war and many medical knowledge was lost so Galens books were still referenced
The church was in love with Galen as his ideas fitted in with theirs
Supported the theory of four humours
Medical training was controlled by the church and libraries were controlled by the church
The church did not allow human dissection and their students had to go on what galen taught, they weren’t allowed to make discoveries themselves

Question 13

What impact did art in the renaissance have on medical training?

Answer 13

The artist began to draw and sculpt life so when the number of dissections increased so did the drawings published that showed what the body was really like
Art allowed physicians to share there work and improve knowledge

Question 14

What impact did printing in the renaissance have on medical training?

Answer 14

The printing press allowed books to be printed quickly and cheaply and easily therefore knowledge could easily be shared across Europe moreover more people learned to read

Question 15

What effect did exploration in the renaissance have on the medical training?

Answer 15

Columbus and other people brought back new plants moreover new sea routes were made between asian and Africa strengthening connections between continents and Europe

Question 16

What effect did new machinery in the renaissance have on medical training?

Answer 16

The invention of the pump showed people how the heart and body worked, harvey was inspired and went on to prove how the heart pumped blood around the body
Glass making was developed this lead to the microscope being invented

Question 17

What impact did the renaissance have on medical training?

Answer 17

It was the age of new discoveries this encouraged medical students to experiment
Church no loner had control on medical training so more people were encouraged to experiment and challenge galens ideas
Encouraged to carry out practical training
Still followed Hippocrates method of examination
Dissection was common

Question 18

What was the royal society?

Answer 18

The scientific revolution started towards the end of the 16th century when copernicus suggested that the earth travelled around the sun and Vesalius ideas
It was founded in 1645 and later it received a royal charter from king Charles II, he became there patron
It was committed to experimentation and gave money to those willing to try out new ideas

Question 19

Vesalius v Galen

Answer 19

Human lower jaw bone is made up of two pieces
- jaw bone made up of one piece
Blood moved from one side of the heart to the other through holes in the middle
- no holes in the septum
Breast bone is made up of 7 different parts
- breast bone made up of three parts
Liver had 5 lobes
- liver has no lobes and is just one big liver

Question 20

What was public health problems in 1350-1750?

Answer 20

Butchers slaughtered there animals in the street
Lots if people living in small areas lead to disposal waste problems
Open sewers were no more than a channel down the street
Waste went into rivers which were used for washing and drinking
Farm and pack animals roamed around pooing everywhere
Water came from rivers or wells which were both polluted, so people drank ale

Question 21

What was the action taken by governments in the middle ages to improve public health?

Answer 21

1388 law passed
- stopped waste being emptied out on to streets and cesspits were emptied regularly
Rakers were employed to clean streets but there were not enough of them
No organised rubbish collection and people had to empty there own cesspit or pat someone to do it
Wooden pipes were built to provide water but they were unreliable and often broke
Overall the king and gov didn’t really give a damn and it was the town council problem

Question 22

What happened in the middle ages during an epidemic?

Answer 22

Burned clothes
Brought extra rackers
Killed dogs and cats
Quarantined victims
Appointed searchers to look for sick people
Appointed constables to shut up infected houses
Fired guns into sky to break up bad air
Mass puts were dug to burry victims
Did not know what caused disease so they were ineffective
Reacted to problems as they occurred

Question 23

provision of water supplies

Answer 23

• Rich people had latrines, some local authorities paid for piped water and sewer systems, stews, some towns had public latrines
• In the 13th century lead pipes were laid bringing water to London and people would go to the end of the conduit to collect water, there were also water sellers in the street but water was usually taken from the polluted river which caused disease so most people drank ale
• In 1602 edmund colthurst suggested constructinf an artificial river to bring water to London, relied on gravity and the channels always had to lead downwards to keep the water flowing, only managed 2 miles and ran out of money, Sir Hugh Myddletom picked it up in 1609 and offered to pay for the work, many protests, King James the I paid half the costs and it was finished in 1613
• Supply could not keep up with the growing population
• Chamber pots – entered onto the streets
• Water closet – 1596, flushed away sewage, many people did not like the idea

Question 24

William Harvey

Answer 24

• An anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood in animals, 1628
• Claimed the heart acted as a pump
• Carried out experiments to show that arteries carried blood away from the heart and veins carried the blood back
• Valves
• Proved that Galens idea of blood being produced in the liver was wrong as it was too much blood for it to be absorbed therefore the same blood was being pumped around the body
• Theorised tiny blood vessels