Medicine And Treatment - 1750-1900 Flashcards
What were the factors that lead to pasteur and kochs success?
France had lost a war to Germany in 1871 therefore there was a bitter rivalry
Rivalry meant that both governments were able and willing to give funds to fund research teams
Communication- medical journals shared articles which encouraged other people
Why were research teams important?
Easier to get funding for expensive technology such as microscopes for example this enabled pasteur to observe germs
Kept an eye on each others progress and made sure people were working to the same standard
Different team members brought different skills
younger scientists worked closely with their bosses so when more experienced retired the younger ones took over
What factors lead to improvement in medical treatment?
Society began to worry about sick people
Work houses began to fill up with the sick
What was the role of women in medicine from
1350-1850?
Women were not allowed to attend university, so they could not train as doctors or practise medicine professionally
Most people who were ill stayed at home and were treated by the family or local healers these were usually women
Wise women provided herbal remedies
Women were midwives and attended births until 17th century when men became popular
Nuns nursed terminal ill patients until church feel
Wealth women provided medical care for people on their families land so had some medical knowledge
What were the problems of public health 1750-1900?
Towns grew quick, 1750 london was the only big city
People lived in country side, over the next 150 years there were many cities and the population had expanded massively, most people lived in towns or cities and the population had expanded massively most people lived in towns and cities, industrial revolution
Why were industrial cities so unhealthy?
Air was filled with smoke and soot as people burnt coal to heat there homes and factories were coal fired
Houses were put up quickly in the middle of town close to new factories so people could walk to work
Poor quality slums and there were no laws requiring the builders to provide clean water for houses or sewage pipes to take the waste away
Overcrowded conditions helped disease spread quickly
The change in the way they lived made people unhappy, they drank gin which was cheap and alcoholic this caused liver problems and miscarriage
What did people think were the causes of disease?
- Miasma, bad air
- Spontaneous generation – disease was caused by germs that were produced by flesh and vegetables as they rotted
What was the germ theory?
- Germ theory – there are microbes in the air which cause decay, this disproved the spontaneous generation theory, people believed that they know understood the causes of disease and could work to find a way of treating them, Pasteur discovered the technique that created a weakened version of a chicken cholera but almost 20 years later he realised that vaccines for other disease could be developed
what impact did the germ theory have?
- Small impact at the time as each disease had to be researched individually therefore progress and treatment was slow, but in the long term it had a big effect as it wiped out diseases and prevented epidemics
How was the germ theory discovered?
- In 1850s – Pasteur investigated the problem of liquids turning sour in brewing, more powerful microbes had recently became available which meant Pasteur could observe the growth of unwanted small microbes in the liquid, He discovered heating the liquid killed the bacteria. In 1861 Pasteur published his germ theory and showed microbes in the air caused disease and spontaneous generation was wrong as if the matter was placed in a sealed container it did not decay. 1879 – studied chicken cholera and inserted a weakened version into the chickens which created immunity
what was the first magic bullet called?
Salverson 606
what were the improvements in medical training?
- Doctors had to get qualifications after 1815 when they began to have to sit examinations and in 1858 the general medical act was set up which said that all qualified doctors had to be registered
- After Pasteur germ theory there was more emphasis on using microscopes and gaining practical experience. Doctors – followed experienced doctors or volunteered and charities where they could gain more work experience
- Dissection – body snatchers seized bodies of criminals in order for students to work on them, the anatomy act of 1832 changed this and said you could take a corpse of anyone dead in the work house if not claimed by a relative
Florence nightingale
- Florence trained in Kaiserwerth Hospital in Germany in 1850, she returned to London and she became Superintendent of Nurses in a hospital in London, she had connections with politicians and was able to lead a team of nurses at the military hospital in Scutari during the crimea war. The times published the horrible condiotoins in the hiosputal which caused public outrage, Nightingale believed that disease was caused by misma and demanded that the hospital was clean and had fresh air, the doctors were against her, but the death rate feel from 42-2 percent
- Her work was published by newspapers and she was regarded a hero
- She published “Notes on Nursing,” which was translated into 11 languages
- She wrote over 200 books about hospital design and organisation
- She was influential in establishing a training school for midwives at King College Hospital, London 1861
what was inoculation? who discovered it?
- Inoculation- people were deliberately exposed people to a mild form of small pox which prevented more severe attacks this was called inoculation, Lady Mary Montagu the wife of the british ambassador to Turkey, came across inoculation in turkey and was an influential woman who had lots of doctor friends therefore she had her children inoculated in 1721, inoculation reached Britain in 1766 during a Maidstone epidemic, it had some success
what did Jenner do?
- Jenner- he took pus from the sores of a cowpox sufferer Sarah Nelmes, he rubbed pus into some cuts on the arm of a young boy James Phipps, he treated the young boy for cow pox, six weeks later he attempted to infect the same boy with smallpox but the boy did not get it, he repeated the experiment 23 times but they didn’t catch smallpox
