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GCSE > Human Health And Physiology - 2 > Flashcards

Human Health And Physiology - 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of dialysis?

A

+ patient kept alive while waiting for transplant
+ suitable for patients with abdominal scars and wounds who cannot have peritoneal dialysis
- visits to hospitals
- holidays restricted to those with dialysis machines
- 35000 per year
- infection from equipment availability of machines
- dietary restrictions

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2
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of peritoneal dialysis?

A 
\+ patients kept alive while waiting for transplant 
\+ donor at home 
\+ only bags of fluid while traveling 
\+ diet less restricted 
- strict hygienic conditions 
- 175000 per year
- regular monitoring  
- not suitable for people with abdominal wounds or scars
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3
Q

What is the method of dialysis?

A
  1. In a machine blood and dialysis fluid are separated by a partially permeable membrane
  2. Urea and waste substances diffuse from the blood into the fluid
  3. The blood and fluid have equal concentrations so useful substances remain in the blood
  4. Excess water leaves the blood by osmosis
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4
Q

How does peritoneal dialysis work?

A

In the abdomen the peritoneal membrane lies around the intestine ms and is used as the partially permeable membrane. The dialysis fluid is inserted into the abdominal cavity and waste materials diffuse our of the blood through the peritoneal membrane and into the cavity then the fluid plus waste is drained away

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5
Q

How is urea produced?

A

Its produced in the liver from the breakdown of surplus amino acids

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6
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produce urea

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7
Q

What does the renal artery do?

A

Brings blood containing urea and other substances to the kidney

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8
Q

What does the renal vein do?

A

It carries blood away from the kidney after urea and other substances have been removed from the kidney

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9
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube through which urine passes to the outside of your body

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10
Q

What is the ureter?

A

The tube through which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder

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11
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a kidney transplant?

A 
\+ no dependency on machines
\+ less restricted diet 
\+ long term cost is less 
- immunosuppressant drugs due to risk of rejection 
- 17000 per person 
- check ups 
- donor availability
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12
Q

What are the functions of the human skeleton?

A

Gives shape to the body
Supports the body
Protects and supports soft organs
Acts as an attachment point for muscles that enable us to move
In long bones bone marrow produces red and white blood cells

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13
Q

What does a bone contain?

A

Living cells which make hard bone, therefore new bone can be made when old bone is reabsorbed or the bone is damaged

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14
Q

What are the types of bone in the back?

A

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
Invertebral discs

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15
Q

What are the names of the bone in the leg?

A

Femur
Knee cap
Fibula
Tibia

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16
Q

What are the names of the bones in the arm?

A

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Hand bones

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17
Q

Name the bones in the thorax?

A 
Skull
Jaw bone
Collar bone
Shoulder blade
Breast bone
Ribcage
Back bone
Hip
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18
Q

What is the synovial joint?

A

It allows bones to move easily e.g knee and shoulder

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19
Q

What does the ligaments do?

A

These are strong bonds of connective tissue that hold bones together they are slightly elastic

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20
Q

What does the cartilage do?

A

Covers the end of bones, they are smooth to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber

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21
Q

What does the synovial fluid do?

A

It reduces friction by lubricating the joint

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22
Q

What do the discs of cartilage do?

A

They cushion the vertebrae and act as shock absorbers when you jump around

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23
Q

What do the tendons do?

A

Attach muscle to bone

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24
Q

Describe how the antagonistic pairs work

A

One of the muscles (the flexor) contracts and stimulates a bending action, in order to straighten the bone the other muscle (the extensor) must contract and pull the bone back

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25
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The amount of tension in the muscles, without it you would not be able to stand up straight and you will be a fish

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26
Q

What is a physiotherapist?

A

Someone who assess and treats people whose movement is restricted

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27
Q

How do physiotherapist treat people?

A 
Exercise
Deep heat
Hydrotherapy 
Massage 
Ultrasound
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28
Q

What is a chiropractor and a osteopath?

A

A person who uses there hand to manipulate joints and muscles to treat injuries in

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29
Q

What does a chiropractor do?

A

Mainly work on the vertebrae column and they asses the whole body to make sure bones are in the correct position

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30
Q

What does an osteopath do?

A

Look at the whole body and may use deep massage to encourage full movement and improve the function of muscles ligaments and bones

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31
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Damage to a ligament usually caused by stretching too much

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32
Q

What is a fracture?

A

Damage to a bone, usually done by an accident or osteoporosis

33
Q

What is an osteoporosis?

A

Its a condition where you have too little bone or too much bone is lost

34
Q

What is a strain?

A

Damage to the muscle by Stretching and tearing

35
Q

What causes a tendon to become inflamed?

A

Over use or ill fitting trainers

36
Q

What happens when a cartilage is damaged?

A

Pain and difficulty in moving the joint

- may lead to osteoarthritis

37
Q

What does keyhole surgery do?

A

Repair damaged joints

- speedy recovery as only small incisions are made so surrounding tissue is not damaged

38
Q

What are used to replace joints?

A

Metal acts as the bone

Plastic acts as the cartilage

39
Q

Why do certain materials have to be used in joint replacement?

A

Don’t cause body to react and they have to mimic the natural joint

40
Q

How does a reflex actions occur?

A

Stimulant>receptor> sensory neurone> CNS > relay neurone> motor neurone> effector

41
Q

What is a voluntary action?

A

When your brain thinks about what you want to do

42
Q

What a reflex action?

A

It happens automatically and protects the body from danger. It happens rapidly

43
Q

What do receptors detect in the body?

A

Detect changes in pH and CO2 levels

44
Q

What are the effectors?

A

Muscles - cause something to move by contracting or relaxing
Hormones - release hormones

45
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between neurones where the electrical impulse stimulates the production of a chemical which crosses the gap

46
Q

What are the things in your eye?

A 
Conjunctiva
Pupil
Cornea
Iris
Choroid
Optic nerve
Sclera 
Retina
Ciliary muscle
Lens
Suspensory ligaments
47
Q 
What doe the pupil do?
What does the cornea do?
What does the iris do?
What does the optic nerve do?
What does the retina do?
What do the ciliary muscles do?
What does the lens do?
What does the suspensory ligaments do?
A
  • opening in the iris to allow light into the eye
  • transparent and bends the light rays towards the lens
  • changes the size of pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye
  • carries nerve impulses to the brain
  • inner light sensitive layer containing rod cells that work in dim light and cone cells that detect colour and details
  • change the thickens of the lens when focusing
  • can change the shape to focus light on the retina
  • hold the lens in place
48
Q

What is the choroid?

A

The black layer containing lots of blood vessels

49
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The tough protective coat

50
Q

If the object is distant is the lens thin or fat?

A

Thin

51
Q

If the object is close is the lens fat or thin?

A

Fat

52
Q

What happens when your short sighted?

A

The eyeball is to long so the light focuses in front of the retina
- it can be fixed with a concave lens

53
Q

What happens when you are long sighted?

A

The eyeball is too short or has a flat cornea so the light focuses behind the retina
- convex lens

54
Q

What is an optometrist?

A

A person who performs eye tests to check if you can focus properly

55
Q

What is a cataract and how do you fix it?

A

The lens becomes too cloudy due to a build up of protein so you can replace it with a clear lens

56
Q

What is age related damage on the cornea and how do you fix it?

A

The damage on the cornea means that light cannot pass through to the retina so healthy tissue from a donor is needed to replace a layer of cells

57
Q

What is retinopathy?

A

Its damage to the small blood vessels in the retina due to high blood pressure or diabetes to test this puff air into the eye

58
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

Endocrine glands

59
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Control body processes

60
Q

How do hormones go around the body?

A

Chemical changes in the blood or nerve impulses stimulate the endocrine gland to release a hormone. The hormone goes into to blood and travels via the blood to the target organ which will respond

61
Q

When is the whole body affected by hormones?

A

When the pituitary gland releases growth hormone

- bones in children and muscles as adults

62
Q

Can hormones be long or short term?

A

Both

  • adrenaline - for a few moments
  • growth hormone - permanent
63
Q

If you have too much or too little hormone is it bad?

A

Yes

E.g too little insulin can result in diabetes

64
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

It makes thyroxin which regulates metabolism if we have too little are chemical reactions are slower

65
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Makes other hormones and controls growth, water balance and sperm and egg production
It also makes hormones that control other endocrine glands

66
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Makes insulin and glucagon

67
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Make oestrogen and progesterone these control the menstrual cycle and develop females in puberty

68
Q

What does the testes do?

A

Make testosterone and develop males in puberty

69
Q

What do the adrenal glands do?

A

Make adrenaline which helps the body cope in an emergency it affects the liver heart and lungs

70
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

When the pancreas stops producing insulin this usually happens in young people and very quickly

71
Q

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

A

It builds up gradually because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the liver and other cells become insulin resistant and do not absorb sugar

72
Q

How do you control type 1 diabetes?

A

Healthy diet and insulin injections

73
Q

How do you control type 2 diabetes?

A

Weigh control, diet, physical activity and if that doesn’t work medication

74
Q

Why cant insulin be given as a hormone?

A

Because the hormone is made of protein and it would be dangerous

75
Q

How can insulin be given?

A

Injected
Inhaled
Watched have microjets which put insulin in at timed intervals
Genetic engineering

76
Q

What did Banting and Best do?

A

Extracted insulin

77
Q

How did Banting and Best extract insulin?

A

Banting realised that digestive juices in the pancreas destroyed the hormone
- they tied off the pancreatic duct in dogs so the cells producing digestive juices were stopped, the cells called islet cells were removed and mashed up then injected into the diabetic dogs; the dogs recovered

78
Q

How is blood sugar controlled?

A
  • insulin and glucagon are produced in cells in the pancreas called islet
  • beta cells in the islet have receptors which detect high concentrations of glucose stimulus
  • the insulin is released in response to the stimulus
  • the receptors on the surface of the liver cells and muscle and fat cells combine with the insulin and trigger cells to absorb glucose
  • the fall in glucose stops the beta cells producing insulin
  • the low glucose concentrations are detected by alpha cells in the islet resulting in glucagon secretions
79
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

For example - insulin
- the pituitary gland releases ADH when the receptor - hypothalamus - this detects water content when it is too low. ADH travels to kidney and causes them to reabsorb more water reducing the volume of urine. The stimulus is removed so the pituitary stops producing ADH

GCSE (55 decks)

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